{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T02:18:29Z","timestamp":1771294709162,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Commun. ACM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>How a previously unknown startup company sought to balance cost and performance in large language model development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3732796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T22:51:10Z","timestamp":1750287070000},"page":"18-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["DeepSeek Inside: Origins, Technology, and Impact"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Cusumano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, MA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amodei D. On DeepSeek Export Controls (Jan. 2025); https:\/\/bit.ly\/4iPmaR6","DOI":"10.70777\/si.v2i1.10695"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"Baek D.H. How Many Employees Does DeepSeek AI Have (Jan. 28. 2025); https:\/\/bit.ly\/4kpCyJl"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"Cohen B. DeepSeek arrived. America freaked. What happens now? Wall Street J.(Jan. 31 2025); https:\/\/bit.ly\/4m1OdQ1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21428\/e4baedd9.f189351f"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3615859"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3631537"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"DeepSeek-AI. DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning (Jan. 22 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"DeepSeek-AI. DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report (Dec. 27 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","unstructured":"Dou E. et al. China\u2019s new AI star DeepSeek grew on more than a shoestring budget. Washington Post (Jan. 31 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","unstructured":"Educating Silicon How Much LLM Training Data Is There In the Limit? (May 9 2024); https:\/\/bit.ly\/44qBboO"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"Huang R. Silicon Valley is raving about a made-in-China AI model. Wall Street J. (Jan. 27 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","unstructured":"Metz C. What to know about DeepSeek and how it is upending AI. New York Times (Jan. 27 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","unstructured":"Mittal A. Mistral AI\u2019s Latest Mixture of Experts (MoE) 8x7B Model (Dec. 15 2023); https:\/\/bit.ly\/3GHfgjl"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"Mortensen O. How many people work at OpenAI? Statistics and Facts (Dec. 2 2025); https:\/\/bit.ly\/4kpCyJl"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"Olcott E. and Ding W. DeepSeek spreads across China with Beijing\u2019s backing. Financial Times (Feb. 27 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","unstructured":"Pipe A. and Rattner N. How DeepSeek\u2019s lower-power less-data model stacks up. Wall Street J. (Feb. 16 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"Pure AI Editors. Understanding LLM Distillation Enabling Revolutionary DeepSeek R1 Model (Feb. 3 2025); https:\/\/bit.ly\/4jLEITu"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","volume-title":"The Road to ChatGPT: An Informal Explainer on How ChatGPT Was Built","author":"Ramakrishnan R.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramakrishnan, R. The Road to ChatGPT: An Informal Explainer on How ChatGPT Was Built. MIT Sloan School of Management, (Mar. 5, 2023); https:\/\/bit.ly\/3GC8xaB"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","unstructured":"Raschka S. Understanding Reasoning LLMs (Feb. 5 2025); https:\/\/bit.ly\/3RNoqgH"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","unstructured":"Romero L.E. ChatGPT DeepSeek or Llama? Meta\u2019s LeCun says open source is the key. Forbes.com (Jan. 27. 2025); https:\/\/bit.ly\/4m2gx4N"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","unstructured":"Roose K. Why DeepSeek could change what Silicon Valley believes about AI. New York Times (Jan. 28 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","unstructured":"Rush S. How DeepSeek Changes the LLM Story (Feb. 3 2024); https:\/\/bit.ly\/4m7Qqti"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","unstructured":"Satoh R. What is AI distillation and what does it mean for OpenAI? Nikkei Asia (Jan. 30 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","unstructured":"Swanson A. and Tobin M. Do China\u2019s AI advances mean U.S. technology controls have failed? New York Times (Jan. 28 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","unstructured":"Tobin M. Mozur P. and Stevenson A.. DeepSeek\u2019s rise: How a Chinese start-up went from stock trader to AI star. New York Times (Jan. 28 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","unstructured":"TOI Tech Desk DeepSeek gets \u2018National Treasure in China\u2019 status\u201d. TimesofIndia.com (Mar. 19 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","unstructured":"Yu Y. Is DeepSeek next in line for a TikTok-like U.S. ban? Nikkei Asia (Feb. 12 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"Zhou C. and Truitt J.S. DeepSeek crashes Nvidia stock with prospect of cheaper AI. Nikkei Asia (Jan. 28 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou C. and Cheng T.-F. Is China\u2019s DeepSeek an Nvidia killer or overhyped? 4 things to know. Nikkei Asia (Jan. 28 2025).","DOI":"10.1002\/mef2.70021"}],"container-title":["Communications of the ACM"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3732796","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T15:07:07Z","timestamp":1751036827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3732796"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3732796"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3732796","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-0782","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7317","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}