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In this paper, we present APOLLO, a tool based on OpenAI\u2019s GPT-4o to detect phishing emails and generate explanation messages to users about why a specific email is dangerous, thus improving their decision-making capabilities. We have evaluated the performance of APOLLO in classifying phishing emails; the results show that GPT-4o has exemplary capabilities in classifying phishing emails (97% accuracy) and that this performance can be further improved by integrating data from third-party services, resulting in a near-perfect classification rate (99% accuracy). To assess the perception of the explanations generated by this tool, we also conducted a study with 20 participants, comparing four different explanations presented as phishing warnings. We compared the LLM-generated explanations to four baselines: a manually crafted warning, and warnings from Chrome, Firefox, and Edge browsers. The results show that not only the LLM-generated explanations were perceived as high quality, but also that they can be more understandable, interesting, and trustworthy than the baselines. These findings suggest that using LLMs as a defense against phishing is a very promising approach, with APOLLO representing a proof of concept in this research direction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3733049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T11:35:59Z","timestamp":1751024159000},"page":"1-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["APOLLO: A GPT-based tool to detect phishing emails and generate explanations that warn users"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9894-2116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Desolda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro - Computer Science Department","place":["Bari, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2730-7697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro - Computer Science Department","place":["Bari, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9916-271X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Vigano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"King's College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2534766.2534789"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ammar Almomani B.\u00a0B. 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