{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T14:57:54Z","timestamp":1776092274900,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","funder":[{"name":"UCLouvain Fonds Speciaux de Recherche","award":["61273304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61273304"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003134","name":"FRIA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FC 31773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC 31773"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003134","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"EU EIC Pathfinder-Awareness Inside challenge - Symbiotik","award":["101071147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101071147"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The wide range of algorithms for recognizing two-dimensional stroke gestures raises a crucial question: which recognizer should be selected depending on the gesture set and its context of use? Since the context of use expresses a category of users performing interactive tasks on a device in a physical environment, many contextual conditions are feasible. Recognizers have been tested in only a few of them, making them difficult to compare and select. A recognizer suitable for one context of use does not necessarily translate to another. Recognizer variables, such as the number of resampling points, the number of templates, and the number of users, vary from one recognizer to another, making them challenging to specify for practitioners and heterogeneous to compare for researchers. To address these issues, this article performs comparative tests of 16 recognizers (15 state-of-the-art recognizers and one for rotation invariance) in 11 gesture sets (9 reference sets and 2 for multi-device rotation invariance) against their accuracy, speed, and algorithmic complexity, in user-(in)dependent scenarios based on the variables mentioned above. In particular, the impact of two contextual dimensions,\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">i.e.,<\/jats:italic>\n            the visual impairments of end users and input devices, on accuracy is further studied. The comparative testing results in an empirically validated decision table for the researcher to select a recognizer depending on contextual conditions and a flow chart for the practitioner to be guided. We break down our design implications into two categories: gesture acquisition, recognition, and gesture set design. We also publicly release\n            <jats:sc>Gester<\/jats:sc>\n            , a JavaScript software for conducting comparative testing of recognizers under various contextual conditions, allowing the practitioner to test a recognizer in a project and the researcher to benchmark recognizers.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3733051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T11:35:59Z","timestamp":1751024159000},"page":"1-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparative Testing of 2D Stroke Gesture Recognizers in Multiple Contexts"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4854-8502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Magrofuoco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations","place":["Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain","place":["Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0804-0106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur","family":"Slu\u00ffters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations","place":["Louvain la Neuve, Belgium"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain","place":["Louvain la Neuve, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3834-9358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Roselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Matematica","place":["Rome, Italy"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma \"Tor Vergata'","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3275-3333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Vanderdonckt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations","place":["Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain","place":["Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300485"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFHR.2010.37"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","series-title":"(GI \u201914)","first-page":"167\u2013\u2013174","volume-title":"Proc. of Graphics Interface 2014","author":"Annett Michelle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Michelle Annett, Albert Ng, Paul Dietz, Walter\u00a0F. Bischof, and Anoop Gupta. 2014. How Low Should We Go? Understanding the Perception of Latency While Inking. In Proc. of Graphics Interface 2014 (Montreal, Quebec, Canada) (GI \u201914). Canadian Information Processing Society, Canada, 167\u2013\u2013174."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2532129.2532145"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1839214.1839258"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","series-title":"(GI \u201912)","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Proc. of Graphics Interface 2012","author":"Anthony Lisa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lisa Anthony and Jacob\u00a0O. Wobbrock. 2012. $N-Protractor: A Fast and Accurate Multistroke Recognizer. In Proc. of Graphics Interface 2012 (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) (GI \u201912). Canadian Information Processing Society, Toronto, Ont., Canada, Canada, 117\u2013120. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=2305276.2305296"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1519052"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ramdas\u00a0Pandurang Bagawade Pournima\u00a0Akash Chavan and Kajal\u00a0Kantilal Jadhav. 2017. Multi touch Gesture Generation and Recognition Techniques: A Study. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering 6 3 (2017) 5\u20139. 10.17148\/IJARCCE.2017.6302","DOI":"10.17148\/IJARCCE.2017.6302"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1385569.1385575"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132272.3134139"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yoav Benjamini Abba\u00a0M. Krieger and Daniel Yekutieli. 2006. Adaptive linear step-up procedures that control the false discovery rate. Biometrika 93 3 (09 2006) 491\u2013507. arXiv:https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biomet\/article-pdf\/93\/3\/491\/1080958\/933491.pdf10.1093\/biomet\/93.3.491","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/93.3.491"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RCIS.2012.6240449"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alexandre Calado Paolo Roselli Vito Errico Nathan Magrofuoco Jean Vanderdonckt and Giovanni Saggio. 2022. A Geometric Model-Based Approach to Hand Gesture Recognition. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst. 52 10 (2022) 6151\u20136161. 10.1109\/TSMC.2021.3138589","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2021.3138589"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132272.3134111"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Francisco\u00a0Maria Calisto Carlos Santiago Nuno Nunes and Jacinto\u00a0C. Nascimento. 2022. BreastScreening-AI: Evaluating medical intelligent agents for human-AI interactions. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 127 (2022) 102285. 10.1016\/j.artmed.2022.102285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2022.102285"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2014.524"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240850"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alessandro Carcangiu and Lucio\u00a0Davide Spano. 2018. G-Gene: A Gene Alignment Method for Online Partial Stroke Gestures Recognition. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 2 EICS Article 13 (June 2018) 17\u00a0pages. 10.1145\/3229095","DOI":"10.1145\/3229095"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","unstructured":"Zhaoxin Chen. 2017. Recognition and interpretation of multi-touch gesture interaction. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. INSA de Rennes France. https:\/\/tel.archives-ouvertes.fr\/tel-01578068"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2669485.2669509"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119863663.ch32"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jo\u00eblle Coutaz James\u00a0L. Crowley Simon Dobson and David Garlan. 2005. Context is key. Commun. ACM 48 3 (2005) 49\u201353. 10.1145\/1047671.1047703","DOI":"10.1145\/1047671.1047703"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74796-3_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adrien Delaye and Eric Anquetil. 2013. HBF49 feature set: A first unified baseline for online symbol recognition. Pattern Recognition 46 1 (2013) 117\u2013130. 10.1016\/j.patcog.2012.07.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2012.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stefano Dess\u00ec and Lucio\u00a0Davide Spano. 2020. DG3: Exploiting Gesture Declarative Models for Sample Generation and Online Recognition. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 4 EICS Article 82 (June 2020) 21\u00a0pages. 10.1145\/3397870","DOI":"10.1145\/3397870"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anind\u00a0K. Dey. 2001. Understanding and Using Context. Pers. Ubiquitous Comput. 5 1 (2001) 4\u20137. 10.1007\/s007790170019","DOI":"10.1007\/s007790170019"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ana\u00a0Bel\u00e9n Erazo and Jorge\u00a0Luis P\u00e9rez\u00a0Medina. 2020. Algorithmic Efficiency of Stroke Gesture Recognizers: a Comparative Analysis. International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering and Information Technology 10 2 (Mar. 2020) 438\u2013446. 10.18517\/ijaseit.10.2.10807","DOI":"10.18517\/ijaseit.10.2.10807"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/223904.223972"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702505"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531073.3531112"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nicholas\u00a0Edward Gillian and Joseph\u00a0A. Paradiso. 2014. The gesture recognition toolkit. The Journal of Machine Learning Research 15 1 (2014) 3483\u20133487. 10.5555\/2627435.2697076","DOI":"10.5555\/2627435.2697076"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","series-title":"EGMI@EICS 2014","first-page":"22","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Engineering Gestures for Multimodal Interfaces Co-located with the 6th ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems","author":"Hoste Lode","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lode Hoste and Beat Signer. 2014. Criteria, Challenges and Opportunities for Gesture Programming Languages. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Engineering Gestures for Multimodal Interfaces Co-located with the 6th ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems (Rome, Italy) (EGMI@EICS 2014, Vol.\u00a01190), Florian Echtler, Lode Hoste, Dietrich Kammer, Beat Signer, and Davy Vanacken (Eds.). CEUR Workshop Proceedings, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, 22\u201329. https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-1190\/paper4.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2004.1334128"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/964442.964472"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yalcin Isler Ali Narin and Mahmut Ozer. 2015. Comparison of the Effects of Cross-validation Methods on Determining Performances of Classifiers Used in Diagnosing Congestive Heart Failure. Measurement Science Review 15 4 (2015) 196\u2013201. 10.1515\/msr-2015-0027","DOI":"10.1515\/msr-2015-0027"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/332040.332458"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","first-page":"26","volume-title":"13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction, RoCHI 2016, Iasi, Romania, September 8-9, 2016","author":"Khaddam Iyad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iyad Khaddam, Hanaa Barakat, and Jean Vanderdonckt. 2016. Enactment of User Interface Development Methods in Software Life Cycles. In 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction, RoCHI 2016, Iasi, Romania, September 8-9, 2016, Adrian Iftene and Jean Vanderdonckt (Eds.). Matrix Rom, Bucarest, Romania, 26\u201335. https:\/\/rochi.utcluj.ro\/articole\/4\/RoCHI2016-Khaddam.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Donald\u00a0E. Knuth. 1976. Big Omicron and Big Omega and Big Theta. SIGACT News 8 2 (April 1976) 18\u2013\u201324. 10.1145\/1008328.1008329","DOI":"10.1145\/1008328.1008329"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1719970.1720026"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1029632.1029640"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/259963.260086"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joseph\u00a0J. LaViola\u00a0Jr. and Robert\u00a0C. Zeleznik. 2007. A Practical Approach for Writer-Dependent Symbol Recognition Using a Writer-Independent Symbol Recognizer. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 29 11 (Nov. 2007) 1917\u20131926. 10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.1109","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.1109"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3459926.3464754"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luis\u00a0A. Leiva Daniel Mart\u00edn-Albo and R\u00e9jean Plamondon. 2016. Gestures \u00e0 Go Go: Authoring Synthetic Human-Like Stroke Gestures Using the Kinematic Theory of Rapid Movements. ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol. 7 2 (2016) 15:1\u201315:29. 10.1145\/2799648","DOI":"10.1145\/2799648"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luis\u00a0A. Leiva Radu-Daniel Vatavu Daniel Mart\u00edn-Albo and R\u00e9jean Plamondon. 2020. Omnis Pr\u00e6dictio: Estimating the full spectrum of human performance with stroke gestures. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 142 (2020) 102466. 10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102466"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753654"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lorenzo Luzzi and Paolo Roselli. 2020. The shape of planar smooth gestures and the convergence of a gesture recognizer. Aequationes mathematicae 94 (2020) 219\u2013233. 10.1007\/s00010-020-00712-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00010-020-00712-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18293\/DMSVIVA2019-013"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nathan Magrofuoco Paolo Roselli and Jean Vanderdonckt. 2022. Two-dimensional Stroke Gesture Recognition: a Survey. Comput. Surveys 54 7 (2022) 155:1\u2013155:36. 10.1145\/3465400","DOI":"10.1145\/3465400"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nathan Magrofuoco Paolo Roselli and Jean Vanderdonckt. 2022. \u00b5V: An Articulation Rotation Scaling and Translation Invariant (ARST) Multi-stroke Gesture Recognizer. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 6 EICS Article 150 (June 2022) 25\u00a0pages. 10.1145\/3532200","DOI":"10.1145\/3532200"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nathan Magrofuoco Jean Vanderdonckt and Paolo Roselli. 2025. Performance Testing of Stroke Gesture Recognizers with Gester. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 9 EICS Article 123 (June 2025) 25\u00a0pages. 10.1145\/3427326","DOI":"10.1145\/3427326"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giulio Marin Fabio Dominio and Pietro Zanuttigh. 2016. Hand Gesture Recognition with Jointly Calibrated Leap Motion and Depth Sensor. Multimedia Tools Appl. 75 22 (November 2016) 14991\u201315015. 10.1007\/s11042-015-2451-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-015-2451-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2957265.2961833"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581358"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RCIS.2013.6577709"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/529793"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mehdi Ousmer Arthur Slu\u00ffters Nathan Magrofuoco Paolo Roselli and Jean Vanderdonckt. 2020. Recognizing 3D Trajectories as 2D Multi-stroke Gestures. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 4 ISS Article 198 (Nov. 2020) 21\u00a0pages. 10.1145\/3427326","DOI":"10.1145\/3427326"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-17618-0_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Otto Parra Sergio Espa\u00f1a Jose\u00a0Ignacio Panach and Oscar Pastor. 2019. An empirical comparative evaluation of gestUI to include gesture-based interaction in user interfaces. Science of Computer Programming 172 (2019) 232\u2013263. 10.1016\/j.scico.2018.12.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scico.2018.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","volume-title":"Numerical Recipes in C (2nd Ed.): The Art of Scientific Computing","author":"Press William\u00a0H.","year":"1992","unstructured":"William\u00a0H. Press, Saul\u00a0A. Teukolsky, William\u00a0T. Vetterling, and Brian\u00a0P. Flannery. 1992. Numerical Recipes in C (2nd Ed.): The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge University Press, USA."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/953536.953565"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2598153.2598167"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2663204.2663273"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","volume-title":"Gestural Interfaces for Information Processing Applications","author":"Rhyne J.R.","year":"1986","unstructured":"J.R. Rhyne and C.G. Wolf. 1986. Gestural Interfaces for Information Processing Applications. International Business Machines Incorporated, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, United States. https:\/\/books.google.be\/books?id=NzVsGwAACAAJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/122718.122753"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Priscila T.\u00a0M. Saito Rodrigo Y.\u00a0M. Nakamura Willian\u00a0P. Amorim Jo\u00e3o\u00a0P. Papa Pedro\u00a0J. de Rezende and Alexandre\u00a0X. Falc\u00e3o. 2015. Choosing the Most Effective Pattern Classification Model under Learning-Time Constraint. PLOS ONE 10 6 (06 2015) 1\u201323. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0129947","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129947"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2399016.2399040"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vaidyanath\u00a0Areyur Shanthakumar Chao Peng Jeffrey\u00a0T. Hansberger Lizhou Cao Sarah\u00a0C. Meacham and Victoria\u00a0R. Blakely. 2020. Design and evaluation of a hand gesture recognition approach for real-time interactions. Multim. Tools Appl. 79 25-26 (2020) 17707\u201317730. 10.1007\/s11042-019-08520-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-08520-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alex Shaw Jaime Ruiz and Lisa Anthony. 2021. A Survey on Applying Automated Recognition of Touchscreen Stroke Gestures to Children\u2019s Input. Interacting with Computers 32 5-6 (04 2021) 524\u2013547. 10.1093\/iwc\/iwab009 arXiv:https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/iwc\/article-pdf\/32\/5-6\/524\/38856860\/iwab009.pdf","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwab009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2007.4377056"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arthur Slu\u00ffters S\u00e9bastien Lambot Jean Vanderdonckt and Radu-Daniel Vatavu. 2023. RadarSense: Accurate Recognition of Mid-air Hand Gestures with Radar Sensing and Few Training Examples. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 13 3 Article 16 (Sept. 2023) 45\u00a0pages. 10.1145\/3589645","DOI":"10.1145\/3589645"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arthur Slu\u00ffters Quentin Sellier Jean Vanderdonckt Vik Parthiban and Pattie Maes. 2022. Consistent Continuous and Customizable Mid-Air Gesture Interaction for Browsing Multimedia Objects on Large Displays. International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction 0 0 (2022) 1\u201332. 10.1080\/10447318.2022.2078464 arXiv:10.1080\/10447318.2022.2078464","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2078464"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173681"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Stone. 1974. Cross-Validatory Choice and Assessment of Statistical Predictions. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological) 36 2 (1974) 111\u2013133. 10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1974.tb00994.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1974.tb00994.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2984511.2984525"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376417"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eugene\u00a0M. Taranta Andr\u00e9s\u00a0N. Vargas and Joseph\u00a0J. LaViola. 2016. Streamlined and Accurate Gesture Recognition with Penny Pincher. Comput. Graph. 55 C (April 2016) 130\u2013\u2013142. 10.1016\/j.cag.2015.10.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2015.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","series-title":"(GI \u201915)","first-page":"195","volume-title":"Proc. of the 41st Graphics Interface Conference","author":"II Eugene\u00a0M. Taranta,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eugene\u00a0M. Taranta, II and Joseph\u00a0J. LaViola, Jr.2015. Penny Pincher: A Blazing Fast, Highly Accurate $-family Recognizer. In Proc. of the 41st Graphics Interface Conference (Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada) (GI \u201915). Canadian Information Processing Society, Toronto, Ont., Canada, Canada, 195\u2013202. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=2788890.2788925"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3026002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3242969.3243032"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2070481.2070531"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2166966.2167022"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025941"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27648-920-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2388676.2388732"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3229434.3229465"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Radu-Daniel Vatavu Bogdan Gheran and M.D. Schipor. 2018. The Impact of Low Vision on Touch-Gesture Articulation on Mobile Devices. IEEE Pervasive Computing 17 1 (2018) 27\u201337. 10.1109\/MPRV.2018.011591059","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2018.011591059"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23771-3_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Santiago Villarreal-Narvaez Arthur Slu\u00ffters Jean Vanderdonckt and Radu-Daniel Vatavu. 2024. Brave New GES World: A Systematic Literature Review of Gestures and Referents in Gesture Elicitation Studies. ACM Comput. Surv. 56 5 Article 128 (Jan. 2024) 55\u00a0pages. 10.1145\/3636458","DOI":"10.1145\/3636458"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chong Wang Zhong Liu and Shing-Chow Chan. 2015. Superpixel-Based Hand Gesture Recognition With Kinect Depth Camera. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 17 1 (2015) 29\u201339. 10.1109\/TMM.2014.2374357","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2014.2374357"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Don Willems Ralph Niels Marcel van Gerven and Louis Vuurpijl. 2009. Iconic and multi-stroke gesture recognition. Pattern Recognition 42 12 (2009) 3303\u20133312. 10.1016\/j.patcog.2009.01.030 New Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2009.01.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518866"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1294211.1294238"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Catherine\u00a0G. Wolf. 1990. Understanding Handwriting Recognition from the User\u2019s Perspective. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 34 4 (1990) 249\u2013253. 10.1177\/154193129003400402 arXiv:10.1177\/154193129003400402","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129003400402"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tzu-Tsung Wong and Po-Yang Yeh. 2020. Reliable Accuracy Estimates from k-Fold Cross Validation. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 32 8 (2020) 1586\u20131594. 10.1109\/TKDE.2019.2912815","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2019.2912815"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_97_2","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Proceedings of the FREENIX Track: 2003 USENIX Annual Technical Conference","author":"Worth Carl\u00a0D.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carl\u00a0D. Worth. 2003. xstroke: Full-screen Gesture Recognition for X. In Proceedings of the FREENIX Track: 2003 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (San Antonio, Texas, USA). USENIX Association, Berkeley, California, United States, 187\u2013196. http:\/\/www.usenix.org\/events\/usenix03\/tech\/freenix03\/worth.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Momona Yamagami Claire\u00a0L. Mitchell Alexandra\u00a0A Portnova-Fahreeva Junhan Kong Jennifer Mankoff and Jacob\u00a0O. Wobbrock. 2024. Customized Mid-Air Gestures for Accessibility: A $B Recognizer for Multi-Dimensional Biosignal Gestures. CoRR abs\/2409.08402 (2024) 1\u201320. 10.48550\/ARXIV.2409.08402 arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2409.08402","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2409.08402"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ying Yang Geoff Webb Kevin Korb and Kai\u00a0Ming Ting. 2007. Classifying under computational resource constraints: anytime classification using probabilistic estimators. Machine Learning 69 (10 2007) 35\u201353. 10.1007\/s10994-007-5020-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-007-5020-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818346.2820734"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shumin Zhai Per\u00a0Ola Kristensson Caroline Appert Tue\u00a0Haste Anderson and Xiang Cao. 2012. Foundational Issues in Touch-Surface Stroke Gesture Design \u2014 An Integrative Review. Foundations and Trends in Human\u2013Computer Interaction 5 2 (2012) 97\u2013205. 10.1561\/1100000012","DOI":"10.1561\/1100000012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37149-3_27"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3733051","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]],"date-time":"2025-06-28T09:30:23Z","timestamp":1751103023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3733051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3733051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3733051","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}