{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T11:16:40Z","timestamp":1780053400726,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"5","funder":[{"name":"Campus-Institute Data Science (CIDAS) of the University of G\u00f6ttingen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Smart speakers pose privacy risks to users and bystanders. We do not know how these risks are perceived depending on different factors, such as the potential privacy violators, the nature of the privacy violation, the different user groups, and culture. Understanding these perceptions is crucial to providing adequate privacy solutions and legislation. To this end, 1,768 participants from Germany and the UK answered our online-questionnaire about their perceptions of five different actors\u2019\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">possibilities<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">intentions<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">legal bases<\/jats:italic>\n            to commit five privacy violations: data access, data inference, overhearing conversations, secondary use, and passing data along. Participants expressed mild concerns about the main user but greater worry about manufacturers and the state. We observe growing concern among younger people, especially in the UK and that users who do not own the smart speaker are the least concerned group. Our approach can be used to better differentiate perceptions of concerns in other contexts.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3736163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T11:21:01Z","timestamp":1749036061000},"page":"1-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Multi-Factorial Comparative Analysis of Perceived Privacy Violations Caused by Smart Speakers in Germany and the UK"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0642-3907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"K\u00fchtreiber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of G\u00f6ttingen, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9865-9015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hauke","family":"Bock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HU Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6307-2296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktoriya","family":"Pak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of G\u00f6ttingen, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9696-3180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca Hern\u00e1ndez","family":"Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of G\u00f6ttingen, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4923-8090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrin","family":"H\u00f6ffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HU Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6802-2108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delphine","family":"Reinhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of G\u00f6ttingen, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS)","author":"Abdi Noura","year":"2019","unstructured":"Noura Abdi, Kopo M. Ramokapane, and Jose M. Such. 2019. More than smart speakers: Security and privacy perceptions of smart home personal assistants. In Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 40th Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)","author":"Abdi Noura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Noura Abdi, Xiao Zhan, Kopo M. Ramokapane, and Jose Such. 2021. Privacy norms for smart home personal assistants. In Proceedings of the 40th Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2021)","author":"Abrokwa D.","year":"2021","unstructured":"D. Abrokwa, S. Das, O. Akgul, and M. L. Mazurek. 2021. Comparing security and privacy attitudes among US users of different smartphone and Smart-Speaker platforms. In Proceedings of the 17th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Ahmad Imtiaz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Imtiaz Ahmad, Taslima Akter, Zachary Buher, Rosta Farzan, Apu Kapadia, and Adam J. Lee. 2022. Tangible privacy for smart voice assistants: Bystanders\u2019 perceptions of physical device controls. In Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"346","volume-title":"Information","volume":"14","author":"Alagood John","year":"2023","unstructured":"John Alagood, Gayle Prybutok, and Victor R. Prybutok. 2023. Navigating privacy and data safety: The implications of increased online activity among older adults post-covid-19 induced isolation. Information 14, 6 (2023), 346."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS)","author":"Aleisa Noura","year":"2017","unstructured":"Noura Aleisa and Karen Renaud. 2017. Privacy of the internet of things: A systematic literature review. In Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS)."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3517138","article-title":"Understanding the importance of cultural appropriateness for user interface design: An avatar study","volume":"29","author":"Aljaroodi Hussain M.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hussain M. Aljaroodi, Marc T. P. Adam, Timm Teubner, and Raymond Chiong. 2023. Understanding the importance of cultural appropriateness for user interface design: An avatar study. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 29, 6 (2023), 1\u201327.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3311956","article-title":"Music, search, and IoT: How people (really) use voice assistants","volume":"26","author":"Ammari Tawfiq","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tawfiq Ammari, Jofish Kaye, Janice Y. Tsai, and Frank Bentley. 2019. Music, search, and IoT: How people (really) use voice assistants. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 26, 3 (2019), 1\u201328.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2019.100868","article-title":"The determinants and effects of online privacy concerns in the context of E-Commerce","volume":"36","author":"Anic Ivan-Damir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ivan-Damir Anic, Vatroslav \u0160kare, and Ivana Kursan Milakovi\u0107. 2019. The determinants and effects of online privacy concerns in the context of E-Commerce. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications 36 (2019), 100868.","journal-title":"Electronic Commerce Research and Applications"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","author":"Apthorpe Noah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Noah Apthorpe, Yan Shvartzshnaider, Arunesh Mathur, Dillon Reisman, and Nick Feamster. 2018. Discovering smart home internet of things privacy norms using contextual integrity. In Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security)","author":"Apthorpe Noah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Noah Apthorpe, Sarah Varghese, and Nick Feamster. 2019. Evaluating the contextual integrity of privacy regulation: Parents\u2019 IoT toy privacy norms versus COPPA. In Proceedings of the 28th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security), 123\u2013140."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"Edward C. Baig. 2021. Older Adults Wary about Their Privacy Online. Retrieved April 2025 from https:\/\/www.aarp.org\/home-family\/personal-technology\/info-2021\/companies-address-online-privacy-concerns.html"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/01972240490507956","article-title":"International differences in information privacy concerns: A global survey of consumers","volume":"20","author":"Bellman Steven","year":"2004","unstructured":"Steven Bellman, Eric J. Johnson, Stephen J. Kobrin, and Gerald L. Lohse. 2004. International differences in information privacy concerns: A global survey of consumers. The Information Society 20, 5 (2004), 313\u2013324.","journal-title":"The Information Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS)","author":"Bernd Julia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Julia Bernd, Ruba Abu-Salma, Junghyun Choy, and Alisa Frik. 2022. Balancing power dynamics in smart homes: Nannies\u2019 perspectives on how cameras reflect and affect relationships. In Proceedings of the 18th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI \u201920)","author":"Bernd Julia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Julia Bernd, Ruba Abu-Salma, and Alisa Frik. 2020. Bystanders\u2019 privacy: The perspectives of nannies on smart home surveillance. In Proceedings of the 10th USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI \u201920)."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3267808","article-title":"Empirical measurement of perceived privacy risk","volume":"25","author":"Bhatia Jaspreet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jaspreet Bhatia and Travis D. Breaux. 2018. Empirical measurement of perceived privacy risk. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 25, 6 (2018), 1\u201347.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Machine learning concepts for correlated big data privacy","volume":"8","author":"Biswas Sreemoyee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sreemoyee Biswas, Nilay Khare, Pragati Agrawal, and Priyank Jain. 2021. Machine learning concepts for correlated big data privacy. Journal of Big Data 8 (2021), 1.","journal-title":"Journal of Big Data"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.56553\/popets-2022-0060","article-title":"A multi-region investigation of the perceptions and use of smart home devices","volume":"2022","author":"Bombik Patrick","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patrick Bombik, Tom Wenzel, Jens Grossklags, and Sameer Patil. 2022. A multi-region investigation of the perceptions and use of smart home devices. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2022, 3 (2022), 6\u201332.","journal-title":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS)","author":"Bonilla Karen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karen Bonilla and Aqueasha Martin-Hammond. 2020. Older adults\u2019 perceptions of intelligent voice assistant privacy, transparency, and online privacy guidelines. In Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS)."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2023.2193241","article-title":"\u2018There are some things that I would never ask alexa\u2019\u2014privacy work, contextual integrity, and smart speaker assistants","volume":"27","author":"Brause Saba Rebecca","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saba Rebecca Brause and Grant Blank. 2024. \u2018There are some things that I would never ask alexa\u2019\u2014privacy work, contextual integrity, and smart speaker assistants. Information, Communication & Society 27, 1 (2024), 182\u2013197.","journal-title":"Information, Communication & Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"Statistisches Bundesamt. 2023. Population by Age Groups. Retrieved April 2025 from https:\/\/www.destatis.de\/EN\/Themes\/Society-Environment\/Population\/Current-Population\/Tables\/population-by-age-groups.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Chalhoub George","year":"2020","unstructured":"George Chalhoub and Ivan Flechais. 2020. \u201cAlexa, are you spying on me?\u201d Exploring the effect of user experience on the security and privacy of smart speaker users. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Computer Science and Intelligent Control","author":"Chan Zhen Yue","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhen Yue Chan and Ping Shum. 2018. Smart office: A voice-controlled workplace for everyone. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Computer Science and Intelligent Control."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS)","author":"Varun Chandrasekaran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Varun Chandrasekaran, Suman Banerjee, Bilge Mutlu, and Kassem Fawaz. 2021. \\(\\{\\) PowerCut \\(\\}\\) and obfuscator: An exploration of the design space for \\(\\{\\) privacy-preserving \\(\\}\\) interventions for smart speakers. In Proceedings of the 17th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting","author":"Chhetri Chola","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chola Chhetri and Vivian Motti. 2022. \u201cI mute my echo when I talk politics\u201d: Connecting smart home device users\u2019 concerns to privacy harms taxonomy. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3193120","article-title":"Collective privacy management in social media: A cross-cultural validation","volume":"25","author":"Cho Hichang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hichang Cho, Bart Knijnenburg, Alfred Kobsa, and Yao Li. 2018. Collective privacy management in social media: A cross-cultural validation. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 25, 3 (2018), 1\u201333.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2021\/14165","article-title":"Privacy concerns and data sharing in the internet of things: Mixed methods evidence from connected cars","volume":"45","author":"Cichy Patrick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patrick Cichy, Torsten Oliver Salge, and Rajiv Kohli. 2021. Privacy concerns and data sharing in the internet of things: Mixed methods evidence from connected cars. MIS Quarterly 45, 4 (2021), 1863\u20131892.","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","unstructured":"D. Clark. 2023. Statista. Population of the United Kingdom in 2021 by Age Group. Retrieved April 2025 https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/734726\/uk-population-by-age-group\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.114.3.494","article-title":"Dominance statistics: Ordinal analyses to answer ordinal questions","volume":"114","author":"Cliff Norman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Norman Cliff. 1993. Dominance statistics: Ordinal analyses to answer ordinal questions. Psychological Bulletin (1993) 114, 3 (1993), 494\u2013509.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin (1993)"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.56553\/popets-2024-0124","article-title":"\u201cMy best friend\u2019s husband sees and knows everything\u201d: A cross-contextual and cross-country approach to understanding smart home privacy","volume":"2024","author":"Despres Tess","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tess Despres, Marcelino Ayala Constantino, Naomi Zacarias Lizola, Gerardo S\u00e1nchez Romero, Shijing He, Xiao Zhan, Noura Abdi, Ruba Abu-Salma, Jose Such, and Julia Bernd. 2024. \u201cMy best friend\u2019s husband sees and knows everything\u201d: A cross-contextual and cross-country approach to understanding smart home privacy. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PoPETS) 2024, 4 (2024), 413\u2013449.","journal-title":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PoPETS)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 23)","author":"Do Youngwook","year":"2023","unstructured":"Youngwook Do, Nivedita Arora, Ali Mirzazadeh, Injoo Moon, Eryue Xu, Zhihan Zhang, Gregory D. Abowd, and Sauvik Das. 2023. Powering for privacy: Improving user trust in smart speaker microphones with intentional powering and perceptible assurance. In Proceedings of the 32nd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 23)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3412383"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","unstructured":"European Commission. 2019. Consumers\u2019 Attitudes Towards Cross-Border Trade and Consumer Protection. Retrieved April 2025 from https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/system\/files\/2019-11\/consumer-survey-2018-main-report_en.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","unstructured":"Eurostat. 2025. Population by Educational Attainment Level Sex and Age (%) - Main Indicators. Retrieved April 2025 from https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/data\/datasets\/ha5usystafaaazvtpow"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","first-page":"149","article-title":"Der nachrichtendienstliche zugriff auf Smarthome-Ger\u00e4te - Grundrechtseingriffe in alexa, google home und Co","author":"Frau Robert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robert Frau. 2020. Der nachrichtendienstliche zugriff auf Smarthome-Ger\u00e4te - Grundrechtseingriffe in alexa, google home und Co. In Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Das Gesamte Sicherheitsrecht, GSZ, 149\u2013155.","journal-title":"Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Das Gesamte Sicherheitsrecht"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS)","author":"Frik Alisa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alisa Frik, Leysan Nurgalieva, Julia Bernd, Joyce Lee, Florian Schaub, and Serge Egelman. 2019. Privacy and security threat models and mitigation strategies of older adults. In Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00318","article-title":"Organ preservation in rectal cancer: The patients\u2019 perspective","volume":"9","author":"Gani Cihan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cihan Gani, Nina Gani, Sebastian Zschaeck, Fabian Eberle, Norbert Schaeffeler, Thomas Hehr, Bernhard Berger, Stefan Georg Fischer, Johannes Cla\u00dfen, Stephan Zipfel, et al. 2019. Organ preservation in rectal cancer: The patients\u2019 perspective. Frontiers in Oncology 9 (2019), 318.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2018.04.002","article-title":"Explaining the privacy paradox: A systematic review of literature investigating privacy attitude and behavior","volume":"77","author":"Gerber Nina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nina Gerber, Paul Gerber, and Melanie Volkamer. 2018. Explaining the privacy paradox: A systematic review of literature investigating privacy attitude and behavior. Computers & Security 77 (2018), 226\u2013261.","journal-title":"Computers & Security"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3390889"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","unstructured":"The Culture Factor Group. 2025. Country Comparison Tool. Retrieved April 2025 from https:\/\/www.theculturefactor.com\/country-comparison-tool?countries=germany%2Cunited+kingdom"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","unstructured":"Xavier Harding. 2022. Alexa Help Me! Which Smart Speaker Has the Best Privacy? Retrieved April 2025 from https:\/\/foundation.mozilla.org\/en\/blog\/alexa-help-me-which-smart-speaker-has-the-best-privacy\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS)","author":"Haug Maximilian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maximilian Haug, Philipp R\u00f6ssler, and Heiko Gewald. 2020. How users perceive privacy and security risks concerning smart speakers. In Proceedings of the 28th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS)."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.56553\/popets-2024-0051","article-title":"Contextualizing interpersonal data sharing in smart homes","volume":"2024","author":"He Weijia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weijia He, Nathan Reitinger, Atheer Almogbil, Yi-Shyuan Chiang, Timothy J. Pierson, and David Kotz. 2024. Contextualizing interpersonal data sharing in smart homes. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PoPETS) 2024, 2 (2024), 295\u2013312.","journal-title":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PoPETS)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2021.101523"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","first-page":"566","article-title":"Die europ\u00e4isierung des strafverfahrensrechtlichen Datenschutzes - Zum anwendungsbereich der neuen Datenschutz-Richtlinie f\u00fcr polizei und justiz","author":"Hornung Gerrit","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gerrit Hornung, Stephan Schindler, and Jana Schneider. 2018. Die europ\u00e4isierung des strafverfahrensrechtlichen Datenschutzes - Zum anwendungsbereich der neuen Datenschutz-Richtlinie f\u00fcr polizei und justiz. In Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Internationale Strafrechtsdogmatik, 566\u2013574.","journal-title":"Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Internationale Strafrechtsdogmatik"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/02763869.2018.1404391","article-title":"Alexa, siri, cortana, and more: An introduction to voice assistants","volume":"37","author":"Hoy Matthew B.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matthew B. Hoy. 2018. Alexa, siri, cortana, and more: An introduction to voice assistants. Medical Reference Services Quarterly 37, 1 (2018), 81\u201388.","journal-title":"Medical Reference Services Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 39th Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)","author":"Huang Yue","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yue Huang, Borke Obada-Obieh, and Konstantin Beznosov. 2020. Amazon vs. my brother: How users of shared smart speakers perceive and cope with privacy risks. In Proceedings of the 39th Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","unstructured":"Consumer Statista and Insights Market. 2024. Sales Volume of the Smart Speakers Industry Worldwide 2019-2029 (in Million Units). Retrieved April 2025 from https:\/\/www.statista.com\/forecasts\/1367982\/smart-speaker-market-volume-worldwide"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","unstructured":"Amnesty International. 2023. \u201cWe are Totally Exposed\u201d: Young People Share Concerns About Social Media\u2019s Impact on Privacy and Mental Health in Global Survey. Retrieved April 2025 from https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2023\/02\/children-young-people-social-media-survey-2\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Internet Measurement Conference","author":"Iqbal Umar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Umar Iqbal, Pouneh Nikkhah Bahrami, Rahmadi Trimananda, Hao Cui, Alexander Gamero-Garrido, Daniel J. Dubois, David Choffnes, Athina Markopoulou, Franziska Roesner, and Zubair Shafiq. 2023. Tracking, profiling, and ad targeting in the alexa echo smart speaker ecosystem. In Proceedings of the ACM on Internet Measurement Conference."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)","author":"Jin Haojian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haojian Jin, Boyuan Guo, Rituparna Roychoudhury, Yaxing Yao, Swarun Kumar, Yuvraj Agarwal, and Jason I. Hong. 2022. Exploring the needs of users for supporting privacy-protective behaviors in smart homes. In Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3463910","article-title":"Lean privacy review: Collecting users\u2019 privacy concerns of data practices at a low cost","volume":"28","author":"Jin Haojian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haojian Jin, Hong Shen, Mayank Jain, Swarun Kumar, and Jason I. Hong. 2021. Lean privacy review: Collecting users\u2019 privacy concerns of data practices at a low cost. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 28, 5 (2021), 1\u201355.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/13689880500178849","article-title":"One size doesn\u2019t fit all: Selecting response scales for attitude items","volume":"15","author":"Johns Robert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Robert Johns. 2005. One size doesn\u2019t fit all: Selecting response scales for attitude items. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties 15, 2 (2005), 237\u2013264.","journal-title":"Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5291","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448221134493","article-title":"Who is afraid of dataveillance? Attitudes toward online surveillance in a cross-cultural and generational perspective","volume":"26","author":"Kalmus Veronika","year":"2024","unstructured":"Veronika Kalmus, G\u00f6ran Bolin, and Rita Figueiras. 2024. Who is afraid of dataveillance? Attitudes toward online surveillance in a cross-cultural and generational perspective. New Media & Society 26, 9 (2024), 5291\u20135313.","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1031(02)00510-3","article-title":"Inferring speakers\u2019 physical attributes from their voices","volume":"38","author":"Krauss Robert M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Robert M. Krauss, Robin Freyberg, and Ezequiel Morsella. 2002. Inferring speakers\u2019 physical attributes from their voices. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38, 6 (2002), 618\u2013625.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2022-0002","article-title":"Personal information inference from voice recordings: User awareness and privacy concerns","volume":"2022","author":"Kr\u00f6ger Jacob Leon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jacob Leon Kr\u00f6ger, Leon Gellrich, Sebastian Pape, Saba Rebecca Brause, and Stefan Ullrich. 2022. Personal information inference from voice recordings: User awareness and privacy concerns. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2022, 1 (2022), 6\u201327.","journal-title":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS)","author":"K\u00fchtreiber Patrick","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patrick K\u00fchtreiber, Viktoriya Pak, and Delphine Reinhardt. 2022. Replication: The effect of differential privacy communication on German users\u2019 comprehension and data sharing attitudes. In Proceedings of the 18th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Lau Josephine","year":"2018","unstructured":"Josephine Lau, Benjamin Zimmerman, and Florian Schaub. 2018. Alexa, are you listening? Privacy perceptions, concerns and privacy-seeking behaviors with smart speakers. In Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Confident privacy decision-making in IoT environments","volume":"27","author":"Lee Hosub","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hosub Lee and Alfred Kobsa. 2019. Confident privacy decision-making in IoT environments. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 27, 1 (2019), 1\u201339.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2022.102334","article-title":"Privacy in AI and the IoT: The privacy concerns of smart speaker users and the personal information protection law in China","volume":"46","author":"Liu Yu-Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu-Li Liu, Luyan Huang, Wenjia Yan, Xinghan Wang, and Ruochen Zhang. 2022. Privacy in AI and the IoT: The privacy concerns of smart speaker users and the personal information protection law in China. Telecommunications Policy 46, 7 (2022), 102334.","journal-title":"Telecommunications Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2021.1897914","article-title":"Privacy and smart speakers: A multi-dimensional approach","volume":"37","author":"Lutz Christoph","year":"2021","unstructured":"Christoph Lutz and Gemma Newlands. 2021. Privacy and smart speakers: A multi-dimensional approach. The Information Society 37, 3 (2021), 147\u2013162.","journal-title":"The Information Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3446389","article-title":"Alexa, who Am I speaking to? Understanding users\u2019 ability to identify Third-Party apps on amazon alexa","volume":"22","author":"Major David","year":"2021","unstructured":"David Major, Danny Yuxing Huang, Marshini Chetty, and Nick Feamster. 2021. Alexa, who Am I speaking to? Understanding users\u2019 ability to identify Third-Party apps on amazon alexa. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology 22, 1 (2021), 1\u201322.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Internet Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","first-page":"737","article-title":"The role of gender, age and cultural differences in online information disclosure and privacy: A systematic review","author":"Malatji William Ratjeana","year":"2022","unstructured":"William Ratjeana Malatji, Rene VanEck, and Tranos Zuva. 2022. The role of gender, age and cultural differences in online information disclosure and privacy: A systematic review. In Computer Science On-Line Conference, 737\u2013751.","journal-title":"Computer Science On-Line Conference"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2019-0068","article-title":"Privacy attitudes of smart speaker users","volume":"2019","author":"Malkin Nathan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nathan Malkin, Joe Deatrick, Allen Tong, Primal Wijesekera, Serge Egelman, and David Wagner. 2019. Privacy attitudes of smart speaker users. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2019, 4 (2019), 250\u2013271.","journal-title":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (MUM)","author":"Marky Karola","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karola Marky, Sarah Prange, Florian Krell, Max M\u00fchlh\u00e4user, and Florian Alt. 2020. You just can\u2019t know about everything\u201d: Privacy perceptions of smart home visitors. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (MUM)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society","author":"Marky Karola","unstructured":"Karola Marky, Alexandra Voit, Alina St\u00f6ver, Kai Kunze, Svenja Schr\u00f6der, and Max M\u00fchlh\u00e4user. 2020. \u201cI don\u2019t know how to protect myself\u201d: Understanding privacy perceptions resulting from the presence of bystanders in smart environments. In Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/iclq\/50.4.901","article-title":"The United Kingdom\u2019s human rights act 1998 in theory and practice","volume":"50","author":"McGoldrick Dominic","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dominic McGoldrick. 2001. The United Kingdom\u2019s human rights act 1998 in theory and practice. International and Comparative Law Quarterly 50, 4 (2001), 901\u2013953.","journal-title":"International and Comparative Law Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","author":"McMillan Donald","year":"2019","unstructured":"Donald McMillan, Barry Brown, Ikkaku Kawaguchi, Razan Jaber, Jordi Solsona Belenguer, and Hideaki Kuzuoka. 2019. Designing with gaze: Tama\u2013a gaze activated Smart-Speaker. In Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 36th Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)","author":"McReynolds Emily","year":"2017","unstructured":"Emily McReynolds, Sarah Hubbard, Timothy Lau, Aditya Saraf, Maya Cakmak, and Franziska Roesner. 2017. Toys that listen: A study of parents, children, and Internet-connected toys. In Proceedings of the 36th Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","volume-title":"Employment Relations Research Series","author":"Meager Nigel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nigel Meager, Claire Tyers, Sarah Perryman, Jo Rick, and Rebecca Willison. 2002. Awareness, knowledge and exercise of individual employment rights. Employment Relations Research Series."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Meng Nicole","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nicole Meng, Dilara Kek\u00fcll\u00fco\u011flu, and Kami Vaniea. 2021. Owning and sharing: Privacy perceptions of smart speaker users. In Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2020-0026","article-title":"Listen only when spoken to: Interpersonal communication cues as smart speaker privacy controls","volume":"2020","author":"Mhaidli Abraham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abraham Mhaidli, Manikandan Kandadai Venkatesh, Yixin Zou, and Florian Schaub. 2020. Listen only when spoken to: Interpersonal communication cues as smart speaker privacy controls. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PoPETS) 2020, 2 (2020), 251\u2013270.","journal-title":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PoPETS)"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.11.1.35.12567","article-title":"Information privacy: Corporate management and national regulation","volume":"11","author":"Milberg Sandra J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sandra J. Milberg, H. Jeff Smith, and Sandra J. Burke. 2000. Information privacy: Corporate management and national regulation. Organization Science (2000) 11, 1 (2000), 35\u201357.","journal-title":"Organization Science (2000)"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10772-010-9064-2","article-title":"Estimation of unknown speaker\u2019s height from speech","volume":"12","author":"Mporas Iosif","year":"2009","unstructured":"Iosif Mporas and Todor Ganchev. 2009. Estimation of unknown speaker\u2019s height from speech. International Journal of Speech Technology (2009) 12, 4 (2009), 149\u2013160.","journal-title":"International Journal of Speech Technology (2009)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2021.101480","article-title":"Reconciling the what, when and how of privacy notifications in fitness tracking scenarios","volume":"77","author":"Murmann Patrick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patrick Murmann, Matthias Beckerle, Simone Fischer-H\u00fcbner, and Delphine Reinhardt. 2021. Reconciling the what, when and how of privacy notifications in fitness tracking scenarios. Pervasive and Mobile Computing 77 (2021), 101480.","journal-title":"Pervasive and Mobile Computing"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","article-title":"Sound the alarm on alexa and the eavesmining industry","author":"Neville Stephen J.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stephen J. Neville and Natalie Coulter. 2022. Sound the alarm on alexa and the eavesmining industry. Communications Law 27, 4 (2022).","journal-title":"Communications Law 27, 4 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780804772891","volume-title":"Privacy in Context","author":"Nissenbaum Helen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Helen Nissenbaum. 2009. Privacy in context: Technology, policy, and the integrity of social life. In Privacy in Context. Stanford University Press."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(03)00099-2","article-title":"Speech emotion recognition using hidden Markov models","volume":"41","author":"Nwe Tin Lay","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tin Lay Nwe, Say Wei Foo, and Liyanage C. De Silva. 2003. Speech emotion recognition using hidden Markov models. Speech Communication 41, 4 (2003), 603\u2013623.","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1841422","article-title":"Users\u2019 cognitive and affective response to the risk to privacy from a smart speaker","volume":"37","author":"Park Jonghwa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jonghwa Park, Hanbyul Choi, and Yoonhyuk Jung. 2021. Users\u2019 cognitive and affective response to the risk to privacy from a smart speaker. International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction (HCI) 37, 8 (2021), 759\u2013771.","journal-title":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction (HCI)"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0184525","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184525","article-title":"Do privacy and security regulations need a status update? Perspectives from an intergenerational survey","volume":"12","author":"Pereira Stacey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stacey Pereira, Jill Oliver Robinson, Hayley A. Peoples, Amanda M. Gutierrez, Mary A. Majumder, Amy L. McGuire, and Mark A. Rothstein. 2017. Do privacy and security regulations need a status update? Perspectives from an intergenerational survey. Plos ONE 12, 9 (2017), e0184525.","journal-title":"Plos ONE"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","article-title":"Personality in speech.","author":"Polzehl Tim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tim Polzehl. 2015. Personality in speech. In Assessment and Automatic Classification. Springer.","journal-title":"Assessment and Automatic Classification"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 37th Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)","author":"Porcheron Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin Porcheron, Joel E. Fischer, Stuart Reeves, and Sarah Sharples. 2018. Voice interfaces in everyday life. In Proceedings of the 37th Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)."},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2013.09.002","article-title":"Guide to measuring privacy concern: Review of survey and observational instruments","volume":"71","author":"Preibusch S\u00f6ren","year":"2013","unstructured":"S\u00f6ren Preibusch. 2013. Guide to measuring privacy concern: Review of survey and observational instruments. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 71, 12 (2013), 1133\u20131143.","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205395171989174","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951719891748","article-title":"Personal choices and situated data: Privacy negotiations and the acceptance of household intelligent personal assistants","volume":"7","author":"Pridmore Jason","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jason Pridmore and Anouk Mols. 2020. Personal choices and situated data: Privacy negotiations and the acceptance of household intelligent personal assistants. Big Data & Society 7, 1 (2020), 205395171989174.","journal-title":"Big Data & Society"},{"issue":"2021","key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","first-page":"3553","article-title":"Are we living in surveillance societies and is privacy an illusion? An empirical study on privacy literacy and privacy concerns","volume":"10","author":"Prince Christine","year":"2021","unstructured":"Christine Prince, Nessrine Omrani, Adnane Maalaoui, Marina Dabic, and Sascha Kraus. 2021. Are we living in surveillance societies and is privacy an illusion? An empirical study on privacy literacy and privacy concerns. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 70, 10 (2021), 3553\u20133570.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3484221","article-title":"It\u2019s good to talk: A comparison of using voice versus screen-based interactions for agent-assisted tasks","volume":"29","author":"Reicherts Leon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Leon Reicherts, Yvonne Rogers, Licia Capra, Ethan Wood, Tu Dinh Duong, and Neil Sebire. 2022. It\u2019s good to talk: A comparison of using voice versus screen-based interactions for agent-assisted tasks. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 29, 3 (2022), 1\u201341.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","first-page":"881","article-title":"Verwaltungsdatenschutzrecht - Die beh\u00f6rdliche datenverarbeitung als thema f\u00fcr das allgemeine verwaltungsrecht","author":"Reimer Philipp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Philipp Reimer. 2018. Verwaltungsdatenschutzrecht - Die beh\u00f6rdliche datenverarbeitung als thema f\u00fcr das allgemeine verwaltungsrecht. Die \u00d6ffentliche Verwaltung 21 (2018), 881\u2013889.","journal-title":"Die \u00d6ffentliche Verwaltung"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","article-title":"Exploration of factors that can impact the willingness of employees to share smart watch data with their employers","author":"Richter Alexander","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alexander Richter, Patrick K\u00fchtreiber, and Delphine Reinhardt. 2021. Exploration of factors that can impact the willingness of employees to share smart watch data with their employers. In Proceedings of the IFIP International Summer School on Privacy and Identity Management.","journal-title":"In Proceedings of the IFIP International Summer School on Privacy and Identity Management"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 30th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS)","author":"Richter Alexander","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alexander Richter, Patrick K\u00fchtreiber, and Delphine Reinhardt. 2022. On the impact of information provided to employees on their intention to disclose data collected by smart watches to their employers. In Proceedings of the 30th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services","author":"Roy Nirupam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nirupam Roy, Haitham Hassanieh, and Romit Roy Choudhury. 2017. Backdoor: Making microphones hear inaudible sounds. In Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28025","DOI":"10.2196\/28025","article-title":"Data privacy concerns using mHealth apps and smart speakers: Comparative interview study among mature adults","volume":"6","author":"Schroeder Tanja","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tanja Schroeder, Maximilian Haug, and Heiko Gewald. 2022. Data privacy concerns using mHealth apps and smart speakers: Comparative interview study among mature adults. JMIR Formative Research 6, 6 (2022), e28025.","journal-title":"JMIR Formative Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","author":"Schuller Bj\u00f6rn","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rn Schuller, Gerhard Rigoll, and Manfred Lang. 2003. Hidden Markov model-based speech emotion recognition. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2014.08.003","article-title":"A survey on perceived speaker traits: Personality, likability, pathology, and the first challenge","volume":"29","author":"Schuller Bj\u00f6rn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rn Schuller, Stefan Steidl, Anton Batliner, Elmar N\u00f6th, Alessandro Vinciarelli, Felix Burkhardt, Rob Van Son, Felix Weninger, Florian Eyben, Tobias Bocklet, et al. 2015. A survey on perceived speaker traits: Personality, likability, pathology, and the first challenge. Computer Speech & Language 29, 1 (2015), 100\u2013131.","journal-title":"Computer Speech & Language"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2147302","article-title":"Users\u2019 privacy and security concerns that affect IoT adoption in the home doma","volume":"40","author":"Schuster Frederik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Frederik Schuster and Abdolrasoul Habibipour. 2024. Users\u2019 privacy and security concerns that affect IoT adoption in the home doma. International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction (2024) 40, 7 (2024), 1632\u20131643.","journal-title":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction (2024)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","article-title":"Achieving flow through gamification: A study on re-designing research methods courses","author":"Sillaots Martin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martin Sillaots. 2014. Achieving flow through gamification: A study on re-designing research methods courses. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Games Based Learning.","journal-title":"In Proceedings of the European Conference on Games Based Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","article-title":"The myth of the privacy paradox","volume":"89","author":"Solove Daniel J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daniel J. Solove. 2021. The myth of the privacy paradox. George Washington Law Review 89, 1 (2021).","journal-title":"George Washington Law Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","article-title":"Why concern regarding privacy differs: The influence of age and (non-) participation on facebook","volume":"10","author":"Steijn Wouter M. P.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wouter M. P. Steijn, Alexander P. Schouten, and Anton H. Vedder. 2016. Why concern regarding privacy differs: The influence of age and (non-) participation on facebook. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace 10, 1 (2016).","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21552\/edpl\/2020\/3\/10","article-title":"Data protection or data frustration? Individual perceptions and attitudes towards the GDPR","author":"Strycharz Joanna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Joanna Strycharz, Jef Ausloos, and Natali Helberger. 2020. Data protection or data frustration? Individual perceptions and attitudes towards the GDPR. European Data Protection Law Review 6 (2020), 407.","journal-title":"European Data Protection Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.11.046","article-title":"Gender differences in privacy tendencies on social network sites: A meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Tifferet Sigal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sigal Tifferet. 2019. Gender differences in privacy tendencies on social network sites: A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior 93 (2019), 1\u201312.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","article-title":"A cross-cultural perspective on the privacy calculus","author":"Trepte Sabine","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sabine Trepte, Leonard Reinecke, Nicole B. Ellison, Oliver Quiring, Mike Z. Yao, and Marc Ziegele. 2017. A cross-cultural perspective on the privacy calculus. Social Media+Society 3, 1 (2017), 2056305116688035.","journal-title":"Social Media+Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3991\/ijep.v8i5.8981","article-title":"Knowledge and experiences of safety and health occupation risks among students","author":"Turekov\u00e1 Ivana","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ivana Turekov\u00e1 and Ter\u00e9zia Bagalov\u00e1. 2018. Knowledge and experiences of safety and health occupation risks among students. International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy 8, 5 (2018).","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","article-title":"The privacy paradox on social network sites revisited: The role of individual characteristics and group norms","author":"Utz Sonja","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sonja Utz and Nicole Kr\u00e4mer. 2009. The privacy paradox on social network sites revisited: The role of individual characteristics and group norms. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace 3, 2 (2009), 2.","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3569897","article-title":"Emerging technologies in K\u201312 education: A future HCI research agenda","volume":"30","author":"Van Mechelen Maarten","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maarten Van Mechelen, Rachel Charlotte Smith, Marie-Monique Schaper, Mariana Tamashiro, Karl-Emil Bilstrup, Mille Lunding, Marianne Graves Petersen, and Ole Sejer Iversen. 2023. Emerging technologies in K\u201312 education: A future HCI research agenda. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 30, 3 (2023), 1\u201340.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106763","article-title":"Okay google, what about My privacy?\u2019 User\u2019s privacy perceptions and acceptance of voice based digital assistants","volume":"120","author":"Vimalkumar M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"M. Vimalkumar, Sujeet Kumar Sharma, Jang Bahadur Singh, and Yogesh K. Dwivedi. 2021. \u2018Okay google, what about My privacy?\u2019 User\u2019s privacy perceptions and acceptance of voice based digital assistants. Computers in Human Behavior 120 (2021), 106763.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.30658\/hmc.6.10","article-title":"Boundary regulation processes and privacy concerns with (non-)use of voice-based assistants","volume":"6","author":"Vitak Jessica","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jessica Vitak, Priya C. Kumar, Yuting Liao, and Michael Zimmer. 2023. Boundary regulation processes and privacy concerns with (non-)use of voice-based assistants. Human-Machine Communication 6 (2023), 183\u2013201.","journal-title":"Human-Machine Communication"},{"issue":"2019","key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.24908\/ss.v17i1\/2.13008","article-title":"Amazon: Surveillance as a service","volume":"17","author":"West Emily","year":"2019","unstructured":"Emily West. 2019. Amazon: Surveillance as a service. Surveillance & Society 17, 1\/2 (2019), 27\u201333.","journal-title":"Surveillance & Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-4560.00072","article-title":"Social and political dimensions of privacy","volume":"59","author":"Westin Alan F.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alan F. Westin. 2003. Social and political dimensions of privacy. Journal of Social Issues 59, 2 (2003), 431\u2013453.","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","first-page":"2734","article-title":"Spannungsverh\u00e4ltnis datenschutzrecht und Justiz - Anwendungsbereich, verantwortlichkeit, richterliche unabh\u00e4ngigkeit","author":"Wiebe Andreas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andreas Wiebe and Matthias Eichfeld. 2019. Spannungsverh\u00e4ltnis datenschutzrecht und Justiz - Anwendungsbereich, verantwortlichkeit, richterliche unabh\u00e4ngigkeit. In Neue Juristische Wochenschrift, 2734\u20132738.","journal-title":"Neue Juristische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Wobbrock Jacob O.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jacob O. Wobbrock, Leah Findlater, Darren Gergle, and James J. Higgins. 2011. The aligned rank transform for nonparametric factorial analyses using only ANOVA procedures. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011.12.008","article-title":"The effect of online privacy policy on consumer privacy concern and trust","volume":"28","author":"Wu Kuang-Wen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kuang-Wen Wu, Shaio Yan Huang, David C. Yen, and Irina Popova. 2012. The effect of online privacy policy on consumer privacy concern and trust. Computers in Human Behavior 28, 3 (2012), 889\u2013897.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","author":"Xu Anran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anran Xu, Zhongyi Zhou, Kakeru Miyazaki, Ryo Yoshikawa, Simo Hosio, and Koji Yatani. 2024. DIPA2: An image dataset with cross-cultural privacy perception annotations. In Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","article-title":"Smart speakers require smart management: Two routes from user gratifications to privacy settings","author":"Xu Kun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kun Xu, Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, and Fanjue Liu. 2022. Smart speakers require smart management: Two routes from user gratifications to privacy settings. International Journal of Communication 16 (2022), 23.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A survey on voice assistant security: Attacks and countermeasures","author":"Yan Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen Yan, Xiaoyu Ji, Kai Wang, Qinhong Jiang, Zizhi Jin, and Wenyuan Xu. 2022. A survey on voice assistant security: Attacks and countermeasures. Computing Surveys 55, 4 (2022), 1\u201336.","journal-title":"Computing Surveys"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)","author":"Yao Yaxing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yaxing Yao, Justin Reed Basdeo, Smirity Kaushik, and Yang Wang. 2019. Defending my castle: A co-design study of privacy mechanisms for smart homes. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Yao Yaxing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yaxing Yao, Justin Reed Basdeo, Oriana Rosata Mcdonough, and Yang Wang. 2019. Privacy perceptions and designs of bystanders in smart homes. In Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Visualization for Computer Security","author":"Yee George","year":"2006","unstructured":"George Yee. 2006. Visualization for privacy compliance. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Visualization for Computer Security."},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Regression models for count data in R","volume":"27","author":"Zeileis Achim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Achim Zeileis, Christian Kleiber, and Simon Jackman. 2008. Regression models for count data in R. Journal of Statistical Software 27, 8 (2008), 1\u201325.","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS)","author":"Zeng Eric","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eric Zeng, Shrirang Mare, and Franziska Roesner. 2017. End user security and privacy concerns with smart homes. In Proceedings of the 13th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS)."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmaa004","article-title":"Privacy management and self-disclosure on social network sites: The moderating effects of stress and gender","volume":"25","author":"Zhang Renwen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Renwen Zhang and Jiawei Sophia Fu. 2020. Privacy management and self-disclosure on social network sites: The moderating effects of stress and gender. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 25, 3 (2020), 236\u2013251.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","first-page":"173","article-title":"Elder financial exploitation in the digital age","volume":"51","author":"Zhang Tianyi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tianyi Zhang, Nathaniel P. Morris, Dale E. McNiel, and Ren\u00e9e Binder. 2023. Elder financial exploitation in the digital age. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 51, 2 (2023), 173\u2013180.","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1002\/sec.795","article-title":"Privacy in the internet of things: Threats and challenges","volume":"7","author":"Ziegeldorf Jan Henrik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jan Henrik Ziegeldorf, Oscar Garcia Morchon, and Klaus Wehrle. 2014. Privacy in the internet of things: Threats and challenges. Security and Communication Networks 7, 12 (2014), 2728\u20132742.","journal-title":"Security and Communication Networks"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Research Conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists on IT Research in Developing Countries","author":"Zukowski Tomasz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tomasz Zukowski and Irwin Brown. 2007. Examining the influence of demographic factors on internet users\u2019 information privacy concerns. In Proceedings of the Annual Research Conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists on IT Research in Developing Countries."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3736163","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T06:54:44Z","timestamp":1760511284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3736163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3736163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3736163","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-0516","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}