{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:23:57Z","timestamp":1760574237607,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"5","funder":[{"name":"European Research Council","award":["853063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["853063"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The force modality fundamentally transforms the interaction space of traditional touch input. When paired with compliant devices, which deform under force and provide immediate haptic feedback, there is potential to enhance user interactions significantly. However, the effects of compliance on force-input remain under-explored, with limited understanding of their full potential. This article presents the first systematic investigation of the impact of deformable, movable, and rigid surfaces on user performance and experience through three rigorous studies (each\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n            = 28). The results reveal previously unreported effects, including (1)\u00a0higher maximum comfortable forces on deformable surfaces, (2) user preference for soft and deformable surfaces over rigid surfaces, and (3) improved ability to maintain force input on softer surfaces. These results highlight the benefits of compliant surfaces, contrasting with the dominant use of force-input on rigid devices. These findings guide researchers and designers in optimizing user experience and performance of force-input interactions.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3736409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T09:06:16Z","timestamp":1747731976000},"page":"1-57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigating the Impact of Deformable, Movable, and Rigid\u00a0Surfaces on Force-Input Interactions"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4159-310X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Nash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bath, Bath, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4662-7680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim","family":"Sauv\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the West of England, Bristol, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5676-3136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adwait","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bath, Bath, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3916-7708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bath, Bath, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6093-6116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bath, Bath, UK"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces (ITS \u201914)","author":"Alexander Jason","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jason Alexander, John Hardy, and Stephen Wattam. 2014. 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