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Storage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>All-flash array (AFA) is a popular approach to aggregate the capacity of multiple solid-state drives (SSDs) while guaranteeing fault tolerance. Unfortunately, existing AFA engines inflict substantial software overheads on the I\/O path, such as the user-kernel context switches and AFA internal tasks (e.g., parity preparation), thereby failing to adopt next-generation high-performance SSDs. Tackling this challenge, we propose ScalaAFA, a unique holistic design of AFA engine that can extend the throughput of next-generation SSD arrays in scale with low CPU costs. We incorporate ScalaAFA into user space to avoid user-kernel context switches while harnessing SSD built-in resources for handling AFA internal tasks. Specifically, in adherence to the lock-free principle of existing user-space storage framework, ScalaAFA substitutes the traditional locks with an efficient message-passing-based permission management scheme to facilitate inter-thread synchronization. Considering the CPU burden imposed by background I\/O and parity computation, ScalaAFA proposes to offload these tasks to SSDs. To mitigate host-SSD communication overheads in offloading, ScalaAFA takes a novel data placement policy that enables transparent data gathering and in-situ parity computation. ScalaAFA also addresses the write amplification and metadata persistence issues and avoids GC-caused latency spikes, by thoroughly exploiting SSD architectural innovations. Comprehensive evaluation results indicate that ScalaAFA can achieve 2.5\u00d7 write throughput and reduce average write latency by a significant 52.7%, compared to the state-of-the-art AFA engines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3736588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T07:14:56Z","timestamp":1747725296000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Enhancing the Performance of Next-Generation SSD Arrays: A Holistic Approach"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6299-4683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9061-924X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shushu","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2528-2660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiurui","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7620-1381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4579-4268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong Department of Computer Science","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1245-2875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alibaba Group","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1451-3101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenxi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4819-4583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Software School, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9832-5801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myoungsoo","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAIST","place":["Daejeon, Korea (the Republic of)"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"2010. 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