{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T07:07:02Z","timestamp":1781334422516,"version":"3.54.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":51,"publisher":"ACM","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19\/FFP\/6409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19\/FFP\/6409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3736702.3744365","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T09:07:51Z","timestamp":1753434471000},"page":"1-8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Emotional Intensity Through the Eyes: Gaze Behavior Toward Expressive Virtual Avatars"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8250-263X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bharat","family":"Vyas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science &amp; Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1936-4594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pisut","family":"Wisessing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMKL University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1957-2506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"McDonnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science &amp; Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2_1","volume-title":"Tobii Pro Lab User Manual","author":"AB Tobii","unstructured":"Tobii AB. [n. d.]. Tobii Pro Lab User Manual. Danderyd, Stockholm. https:\/\/connect.tobii.com\/s\/article\/understanding-tobii-pro-lab-eye-tracking-metrics?language=en_US"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zara Ambadar Jonathan\u00a0W Schooler and Jeffrey\u00a0F Cohn. 2005. Deciphering the enigmatic face: The importance of facial dynamics in interpreting subtle facial expressions. Psychological science 16 5 (2005) 403\u2013410.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2005.01548.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Victor Araujo Julia Melgare Bruna\u00a0Martini Dalmoro and Soraia\u00a0Raupp Musse. 2021. Is the perceived comfort with cg characters increasing with their novelty? IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 42 1 (2021) 32\u201346.","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2021.3090198"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janice Attard-Johnson Caoilte \u00d3\u00a0Ciardha and Markus Bindemann. 2019. Comparing methods for the analysis of pupillary response. Behavior Research Methods 51 (2019) 83\u201395.","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1108-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert\u00a0A Baron Mark\u00a0S Rea and Susan\u00a0G Daniels. 1992. Effects of indoor lighting (illuminance and spectral distribution) on the performance of cognitive tasks and interpersonal behaviors: The potential mediating role of positive affect. Motivation and emotion 16 1 (1992) 1\u201333.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00996485"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_7_1","unstructured":"Jackson Beatty and Brennis Lucero-Wagoner. 2000. The pupillary system. Handbook of psychophysiology 2nd ed. (2000) 142\u2013162."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manuel\u00a0G Calvo and Daniel Lundqvist. 2008. Facial expressions of emotion (KDEF): Identification under different display-duration conditions. Behavior research methods 40 1 (2008) 109\u2013115.","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.1.109"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James\u00a0M Carroll and James\u00a0A Russell. 1996. Do facial expressions signal specific emotions? Judging emotion from the face in context. Journal of personality and social psychology 70 2 (1996) 205.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.70.2.205"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjamin\u00a0T Carter and Steven\u00a0G Luke. 2020. Best practices in eye tracking research. International Journal of Psychophysiology 155 (2020) 49\u201362.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2020.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcus Cheetham Lingdan Wu Paul Pauli and Lutz Jancke. 2015. Arousal valence and the uncanny valley: Psychophysiological and self-report findings. Frontiers in psychology 6 (2015) 981.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00981"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David\u00a0G Cowan Eric\u00a0J Vanman and Mark Nielsen. 2014. Motivated empathy: the mechanics of the empathic gaze. Cognition and Emotion 28 8 (2014) 1522\u20131530.","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2014.890563"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronan de Kervenoael Rajibul Hasan Alexandre Schwob and Edwin Goh. 2020. Leveraging human-robot interaction in hospitality services: Incorporating the role of perceived value empathy and information sharing into visitors\u2019 intentions to use social robots. Tourism Management 78 (2020) 104042.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2019.104042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander Diel Sarah Weigelt and Karl\u00a0F Macdorman. 2021. A meta-analysis of the uncanny valleys independent and dependent variables. ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction (THRI) 11 1 (2021) 1\u201333.","DOI":"10.1145\/3470742"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hedwig Eisenbarth and Georg\u00a0W Alpers. 2011. Happy mouth and sad eyes: scanning emotional facial expressions. Emotion 11 4 (2011) 860.","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022758"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul Ekman. 1992. An argument for basic emotions. Cognition & emotion 6 3-4 (1992) 169\u2013200.","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939208411068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzvi Ganel and Yonatan Goshen-Gottstein. 2004. Effects of familiarity on the perceptual integrality of the identity and expression of faces: the parallel-route hypothesis revisited. Journal of Experimental psychology: Human perception and Performance 30 3 (2004) 583.","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.30.3.583"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xuemei Gao Lei Weng Yuhong Zhou and Hongling Yu. 2017. The influence of empathy and morality of violent video game characters on gamers\u2019 aggression. Frontiers in psychology 8 (2017) 1863.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01863"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attila Gere Zolt\u00e1n K\u00f3kai and L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Sipos. 2017. Influence of mood on gazing behavior: Preliminary evidences from an eye-tracking study. Food Quality and Preference 61 (2017) 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2017.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamie\u00a0N Hershaw and Mark\u00a0L Ettenhofer. 2018. Insights into cognitive pupillometry: Evaluation of the utility of pupillary metrics for assessing cognitive load in normative and clinical samples. International Journal of Psychophysiology 134 (2018) 62\u201378.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2018.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3474451.3476242"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_22_1","volume-title":"Eye tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods and measures","author":"Holmqvist Kenneth","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kenneth Holmqvist, Marcus Nystr\u00f6m, Richard Andersson, Richard Dewhurst, Halszka Jarodzka, and Joost Van\u00a0de Weijer. 2011. Eye tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods and measures. oup Oxford."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rachael\u00a0E Jack Caroline Blais Christoph Scheepers Philippe\u00a0G Schyns and Roberto Caldara. 2009. Cultural confusions show that facial expressions are not universal. Current biology 19 18 (2009) 1543\u20131548.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.07.051"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christian\u00a0C Joyal Laurence Jacob Marie-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Cigna Jean-Pierre Guay and Patrice Renaud. 2014. Virtual faces expressing emotions: an initial concomitant and construct validity study. Frontiers in human neuroscience 8 (2014) 787.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00787"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcel\u00a0A Just and Patricia\u00a0A Carpenter. 1980. A theory of reading: from eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological review 87 4 (1980) 329.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-295X.87.4.329"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sung-Hee Kim Zhihua Dong Hanjun Xian Benjavan Upatising and Ji\u00a0Soo Yi. 2012. Does an eye tracker tell the truth about visualizations?: Findings while investigating visualizations for decision making. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 18 12 (2012) 2421\u20132430.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2012.215"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Igor Knez. 2001. Effects of colour of light on nonvisual psychological processes. Journal of environmental psychology 21 2 (2001) 201\u2013208.","DOI":"10.1006\/jevp.2000.0198"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_28_1","unstructured":"John\u00a0P Lewis Ken Anjyo Taehyun Rhee Mengjie Zhang Frederic\u00a0H Pighin and Zhigang Deng. 2014. Practice and theory of blendshape facial models. Eurographics (State of the Art Reports) 1 8 (2014) 2."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karl\u00a0F MacDorman Robert\u00a0D Green Chin-Chang Ho and Clinton\u00a0T Koch. 2009. Too real for comfort? Uncanny responses to computer generated faces. Computers in human behavior 25 3 (2009) 695\u2013710.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2008.12.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhanuka Mahanama Yasith Jayawardana Sundararaman Rengarajan Gavindya Jayawardena Leanne Chukoskie Joseph Snider and Sampath Jayarathna. 2022. Eye movement and pupil measures: A review. frontiers in Computer Science 3 (2022) 733531.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2021.733531"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meeri M\u00e4k\u00e4r\u00e4inen Jari K\u00e4tsyri and Tapio Takala. 2014. Exaggerating facial expressions: A way to intensify emotion or a way to the uncanny valley? Cognitive Computation 6 (2014) 708\u2013721.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-014-9273-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linda Marschner Sebastian Pannasch Johannes Schulz and Sven-Thomas Graupner. 2015. Social communication with virtual agents: The effects of body and gaze direction on attention and emotional responding in human observers. International Journal of Psychophysiology 97 2 (2015) 85\u201392.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahiko Masuda Phoebe\u00a0C Ellsworth Batja Mesquita Janxin Leu Shigehito Tanida and Ellen Van\u00a0de Veerdonk. 2008. Placing the face in context: cultural differences in the perception of facial emotion. Journal of personality and social psychology 94 3 (2008) 365.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.94.3.365"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rachel McDonnell Martin Breidt and Heinrich\u00a0H B\u00fclthoff. 2012. Render me real? Investigating the effect of render style on the perception of animated virtual humans. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 31 4 (2012) 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2335442"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3721238.3730728"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravi Mehta and Rui Zhu. 2009. Blue or red? Exploring the effect of color on cognitive task performances. Science 323 5918 (2009) 1226\u20131229.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1169144"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_37_1","unstructured":"Anneli Olsen. 2012. The Tobii I-VT fixation filter: algorithm description. Tobii White Paper (2012)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jasmine Pan Michaela Kl\u00edmov\u00e1 Joseph\u00a0T McGuire and Sam Ling. 2022. Arousal-based pupil modulation is dictated by luminance. Scientific reports 12 1 (2022) 1390.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05280-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giulia Perugia Maike Paetzel-Pr\u00fcsmann Madelene Alanenp\u00e4\u00e4 and Ginevra Castellano. 2021. I can see it in your eyes: Gaze as an implicit cue of uncanniness and task performance in repeated interactions with robots. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 8 (2021) 645956.","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2021.645956"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vsevolod Peysakhovich Fran\u00e7ois Vachon and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Dehais. 2017. The impact of luminance on tonic and phasic pupillary responses to sustained cognitive load. International Journal of Psychophysiology 112 (2017) 40\u201345.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2016.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philip\u00a0A Powell and Jennifer Roberts. 2017. Situational determinants of cognitive affective and compassionate empathy in naturalistic digital interactions. Computers in Human Behavior 68 (2017) 137\u2013148.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossana\u00a0B Queiroz Soraia\u00a0R Musse and Norman\u00a0I Badler. 2014. Investigating macroexpressions and microexpressions in computer graphics animated faces. Presence 23 2 (2014) 191\u2013208.","DOI":"10.1162\/PRES_a_00180"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aravind\u00a0Sesagiri Raamkumar and Yinping Yang. 2022. Empathetic conversational systems: A review of current advances gaps and opportunities. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing 14 4 (2022) 2722\u20132739.","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2022.3226693"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasileios Skaramagkas Giorgos Giannakakis Emmanouil Ktistakis Dimitris Manousos Ioannis Karatzanis Nikolaos\u00a0S Tachos Evanthia Tripoliti Kostas Marias Dimitrios\u00a0I Fotiadis and Manolis Tsiknakis. 2021. Review of eye tracking metrics involved in emotional and cognitive processes. IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 16 (2021) 260\u2013277.","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2021.3066072"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marie\u00a0L Smith Garrison\u00a0W Cottrell Fr\u00e9d\u00e9Aric Gosselin and Philippe\u00a0G Schyns. 2005. Transmitting and decoding facial expressions. Psychological science 16 3 (2005) 184\u2013189.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2005.00801.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuchuan Sun Pamela Tauchi and Lawrence Stark. 1983. Dynamic pupillary response controlled by the pupil size effect. Experimental neurology 82 2 (1983) 313\u2013324.","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(83)90404-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aliya Tastemirova Johannes Schneider Leona\u00a0Chandra Kruse Simon Heinzle and Jan\u00a0vom Brocke. 2022. Microexpressions in digital humans: perceived affect sincerity and trustworthiness. Electronic Markets 32 3 (2022) 1603\u20131620.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-022-00563-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1185657.1185856"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3675231.3675245"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pisut Wisessing Katja Zibrek Douglas\u00a0W Cunningham John Dingliana and Rachel McDonnell. 2020. Enlighten me: Importance of brightness and shadow for character emotion and appeal. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 39 3 (2020) 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1145\/3383195"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_51_1","unstructured":"Guobin Xia Phil Henry Francisco Queiroz and Stephen Westland. 2021. Effects of coloured lighting in the real world environment and virtual reality. Journal of the InternationalColourAssociation (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiansheng Xia Lu Song Ting\u00a0T Wang Ling Tan and Lei Mo. 2016. Exploring the effect of red and blue on cognitive task performances. Frontiers in Psychology 7 (2016) 784.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00784"}],"event":{"name":"SAP '25: ACM Symposium on Applied Perception 2025","location":"Vancouver BC Canada","acronym":"SAP '25","sponsor":["SIGGRAPH ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques"]},"container-title":["ACM Symposium on Applied Perception 2025"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T09:08:34Z","timestamp":1753434514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3736702.3744365"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3736702.3744365","10.1145\/3736702"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3736702.3744365","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}