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Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Material sensing holds significant potential in areas such as environmental awareness and security monitoring. While technologies like RFID, WIFI, and UWB offer potential solutions for portable, non-contact material identification, the need to place targets in fixed positions for identification has limited the flexibility of material sensing. In this article, we first innovatively apply the Range-Angle heatmap (RAheatmap) to effectively represent the distance, placement angle, and inherent material attributes to pave the way for precise material identification. Then propose an innovative system called\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Material-ID<\/jats:italic>\n            to utilize Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) millimeter wave (mmWave) radar for material sensing. Additionally, we endow the system with cross-domain adaptability to make it tailored to identify material reflection attributes and minimize the effects of variables such as distance and placement angle. The experiments prove the effectiveness of the proposed system.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3742432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T07:05:50Z","timestamp":1751526350000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Material-ID: Towards mmWave-based Material Identification"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4466-6416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gecheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0293-0781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengwen","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2197-3251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiming","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3034-027X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gangren","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1057-3382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0861-2496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9001-1931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6824-9958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongru","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2208-962X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-021-01859-9","article-title":"Material classification in X-ray images based on multi-scale CNN","volume":"15","author":"Benedykciuk Emil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Emil Benedykciuk, Marcin Denkowski, and Krzysztof Dmitruk. 2021. 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