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By employing a proposed combination of parallelization methods, the VVenC encoder achieves an acceleration factor of up to 22 compared to single-threaded mode on a 32-core system, with potential increases to 27\u00d7 at higher bitrates. Building upon prior work on Inter-frame Parallelization (IFP), the study introduces frame region-based synchronization, enabling further acceleration of up to 10%. Beyond that, the study demonstrates extending frame parallelization beyond Group of Pictures (GOP) boundaries, which improves IFP speed up by 37% and 11% at high-definition (HD) and ultra-high-definition (UHD) resolutions, respectively. Additional combinations with other VVC parallelization tools, such as tiles and VVC Wavefront Parallel Processing (WPP), are also explored. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of parallelization challenges and highlights areas for further improvement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3742869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T11:16:33Z","timestamp":1750763793000},"page":"1-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multi-level Inter-frame Parallelization in an Open Optimized VVC Encoder"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6648-6610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeri","family":"George","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Video Communication and Applications, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7557-199X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Brandenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Video Communication and Applications, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4703-8091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Hege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Video Communication and Applications, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3227-2374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Hinz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Video Communication and Applications, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0490-5803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Wieckowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Video Communication and Applications, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1608-3774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Bross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Video Communication and Applications, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3914-8817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Schierl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Video Communication and Applications, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5391-3247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Detlev","family":"Marpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Video Communication and Applications, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"ITU-T and ISO\/IEC JTC 1. 2022. 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