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We construct a theory that could explain this process sufficiently, highlighting the importance of mental landmarks for efficient storage and recall of spatial information. The theory is explored and validated through simulation of a cognitive architecture and comparison with extant empirical data, generating insights that could inform the design of new layouts and facilitate the learning process for novice users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3743720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T14:28:48Z","timestamp":1757428128000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Learning to Type on Mobile Keyboards: A Theory on the Formation of Spatial Memory MHCI020"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8331-1645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Komninos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering & Informatics Department","place":["Rio, Greece"]},{"name":"University of Patras","place":["Rio, Greece"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4873-9342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioulia","family":"Simou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering & Informatics Department","place":["Rio, Greece"]},{"name":"University of Patras","place":["Rio, Greece"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9062-5765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Garofalakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering & Informatics Department","place":["Patras, Greece"]},{"name":"University of Patras","place":["Patras, Greece"]}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Negar Ahmadpoor and Alastair\u00a0D. 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