{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T11:54:23Z","timestamp":1781870063587,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":43,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3744256.3812553","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T11:01:41Z","timestamp":1781866901000},"page":"185-195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lights, Camera, Voltage: Inferring Electric Grid Voltage Using Image-Based Sensing"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6623-0307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvia","family":"Imanirakiza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5941-5257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7720-6267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pat","family":"Pannuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7590-2509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay","family":"Taneja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2_2","volume-title":"Kenya Power Receives First Batch of 700,000 Smart Meters","year":"2023","unstructured":"2023. Kenya Power Receives First Batch of 700,000 Smart Meters. https:\/\/ntvkenya.co.ke\/news\/kenya-power-receivesfirst-batch-of-700000-smart-meters\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"ERA Uganda. 2018. Guidelines and Standards - ERA - Electricity Regulatory Authority. https:\/\/www.era.go.ug\/index.php\/resource-centre\/regulatory-instruments\/guidelines-and-standards"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"IRENA. 2024. World Energy Transitions Outlook 2024. https:\/\/www.irena.org\/Publications\/2024\/Nov\/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook-2024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"IDS Imaging. [n. d.]. UI-3860CP Rev. 2. https:\/\/en.ids-imaging.com\/store\/ui-3860cp-rev-2.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Acakpovi R. Abubakar N.\u00a0Y. Asabere and I.\u00a0B. Majeed. 2019. Barriers and prospects of smart grid adoption in Ghana. Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019) 1240\u20131249. doi:10.1016\/j.promfg.2019.06.126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2019.06.082"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_7_2","unstructured":"Sustainable\u00a0Energy Africa. 2015. Smart Metering: Overview and Considerations for South African Municipalities. https:\/\/africancityenergy.org\/uploads\/resource_127.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"Basel Alsayyed Yazan Alhaj and Omar Alhaj. 2015. Review of power quality monitoring systems. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 6 9 (2015) 222\u2013227."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"Susanna\u00a0B. Berkouwer Pierre\u00a0E. Biscaye Maya Mikdash Steven\u00a0L. Puller and Catherine\u00a0D. Wolfram. 2024. Improving Voltage Quality through Transformer Construction in Accra Ghana. https:\/\/kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu\/research\/publications\/improving-voltage-quality-through-transformer-construction-in-accra-ghana\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UPEC.2007.4469025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2993422.2993570"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"Moussa\u00a0P Blimpo and Malcolm Cosgrove-Davies. 2019. Electricity Access in Sub-Saharan Africa. https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/bitstream\/handle\/10986\/31333\/9781464813610.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3209811.3209864"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Diahovchenko M. Kolcun Z. Conka V. Savkiv and R. Mykhailyshyn. 2020. Progress and challenges in smart grids: Distributed generation smart metering energy storage and smart loads. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology Transactions of Electrical Engineering 44 (2020) 1319\u20131333. doi:10.1007\/s40998-020-00322-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s40998-020-00322-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregory Dobler Federica\u00a0B. Bianco Mohit\u00a0S. Sharma Andreas Karpf Julien Baur Masoud Ghandehari Jonathan Wurtele and Steven\u00a0E. Koonin. 2021. The Urban Observatory: A Multi-Modal Imaging Platform for the Study of Dynamics in Complex Urban Systems. Remote Sensing 13 8 (Jan. 2021) 1426. doi:10.3390\/rs13081426Number: 8 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081426"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"International Energy Agency. 2022. Africa Energy Outlook 2022: A World Energy Outlook Special Report. https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/africa-energy-outlook-2022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_17_2","unstructured":"Jessica Kersey Judith Mbabazi Civian\u00a0Kiki Massa Lydia Letaru June Lukuyu Elena van Hove and Paul Kyoma. 2023. Illuminating Energy Inequities in Informal Urban Communities: Main Findings Report. Main Findings Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SAI.2014.6918213"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3412382.3458276"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3412382.3458276"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_21_2","unstructured":"Cable Labs. 2022. Gridmetrics Inc.https:\/\/gridmetrics.io\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiaodan Lin Yangfu Li Jianqing Zhu and Huanqiang Zeng. 2023. DeflickerCycleGAN: Learning to Detect and Remove Flickers in a Single Image. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 32 (2023) 709\u2013720. doi:10.1109\/TIP.2022.3231748Conference Name: IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2022.3231748"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Marr E. Hildreth and Sydney Brenner. 1997. Theory of edge detection. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 207 1167 (Jan. 1997) 187\u2013217. doi:10.1098\/rspb.1980.0020Publisher: Royal Society.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1980.0020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_24_2","unstructured":"Civian\u00a0Kiki Massa and Jay Taneja. 2023. Bridges to Nowhere: Electricity connections with poor power quality hamper growth. https:\/\/energyforgrowthhub.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David McCollum Luis Gomez\u00a0Echeverri Keywan Riahi and Simon Parkinson. 2017. Sdg7: Ensure access to affordable reliable sustainable and modern energy for all. (2017).","DOI":"10.24948\/2017.01.04"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_26_2","unstructured":"Samuel\u00a0B Miles Molly\u00a0G Hickman Genevieve Flaspohler Mohini Bariya Jackson Mughuma and Dan Kammen. 2023. Beyond Access: Measuring Power Quality Issues at 27 Healthcare Facilities in the DRC. (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_27_2","volume-title":"Kenya Power Goes for Smart Meters to Lock Out Power Cartels","author":"Muriuki B.","year":"2023","unstructured":"B. Muriuki. 2023. Kenya Power Goes for Smart Meters to Lock Out Power Cartels. https:\/\/www.citizen.digital\/news\/kenya-power-goes-for-smartmeters-to-lock-out-power-cartels-n330881"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_28_2","volume-title":"Probabilistic Machine Learning","author":"Murphy Kevin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kevin Murphy. 2022. Probabilistic Machine Learning. The MIT Press. https:\/\/mitpress.mit.edu\/9780262046824\/probabilistic-machine-learning\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"nLine Inc.2024. POWERWATCH SENSOR TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS. https:\/\/nline.io\/docs\/powerwatch_spec_sheet.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_30_2","unstructured":"Olufolahan Osunmuyiwa and Margaret Odero. 2024. Leveraging Power Quality and Reliability Measurements for Electricity Equity and Justice in sub-Saharan Africa. https:\/\/blog.nline.io\/pqr-for-energy-justice"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Przemys\u0142aw Otoma\u0144ski Grzegorz Wiczy\u0144ski and Bartosz Zaj\u0105c. 2017. Flicker Vision of Selected Light Sources. Measurement Science Review 17 5 (Oct. 2017) 232\u2013240. doi:10.1515\/msr-2017-0028","DOI":"10.1515\/msr-2017-0028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_32_2","unstructured":"Hugo\u00a0Le Picard. 2020. The Potential of Digital Technologies for Centralized Electricity Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/migrated_files\/documents\/atoms\/files\/le_picard_digital_technologies_africa_2021.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philip W.\u00a0T. Pong Anuradha\u00a0M. Annaswamy Benjamin Kroposki Yingchen Zhang Ram Rajagopal Gil Zussman and H.\u00a0Vincent Poor. 2021. Cyber-enabled grids: Shaping future energy systems. Advances in Applied Energy 1 (Feb. 2021) 100003. doi:10.1016\/j.adapen.2020.100003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adapen.2020.100003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Rihaczek. 1968. Signal energy distribution in time and frequency. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 14 3 (May 1968) 369\u2013374. doi:10.1109\/TIT.1968.1054157Conference Name: IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1968.1054157"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHQP53011.2022.9808543"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3360322.3360855"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.254"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCPHOT.2018.8368472"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peter Twesigye. 2024. Understanding Electricity Utilities in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Civil Society in Improving Performance Governance and Accountability. https:\/\/policy-practice.oxfam.org\/resources\/understanding-electricity-utilities-in-sub-saharan-africa-the-role-of-civil-soc-621616\/","DOI":"10.21201\/2024.000035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01728"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-45453-1_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3563357.3564062"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_43_2","unstructured":"ZESCO. 2022. ZESCO POWER QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. Presented at Unipower Power Quality Training 2022 Zambia."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X.\u00a0X. Zhu S. Chen F. Zhang Y. Shi and Y. Wang. 2025. GlobalBuildingAtlas: an open global and complete dataset of building polygons heights and LoD1 3D models. Earth System Science Data 17 12 (2025) 6647\u20136668. doi:10.5194\/essd-17-6647-2025","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-17-6647-2025"}],"event":{"name":"BuildSys '26: The 13th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation","location":"Banff Canada","acronym":"BuildSys '26","sponsor":["SIGEnergy ACM Special Interest Group on Energy Systems and Informatics"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 13th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T11:29:32Z","timestamp":1781868572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3744256.3812553"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3744256.3812553","10.1145\/3744256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3744256.3812553","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}