{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T11:53:51Z","timestamp":1781870031618,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":33,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSERC Alliance Grant","award":["ALLRP 582941\u201323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALLRP 582941\u201323"]}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chairs Program","award":["RC-2024-00041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC-2024-00041"]}]},{"name":"NSERC PGS-D","award":["PGS D - 600621 - 2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGS D - 600621 - 2025"]}]},{"name":"Centre for the Sustainable Built Environment"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3744256.3812569","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T11:01:41Z","timestamp":1781866901000},"page":"385-389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["UrbanOPT: A Computational Framework for Housing Development Optimization"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2288-7365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse","family":"Ward-Bond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4665-8890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoshanna","family":"Saxe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5844-9642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias B.","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrew\u00a0D. Basiago. 1998. Economic social and environmental sustainability in development theory and urban planning practice. The Environmentalist 19 2 (June 1998) 145\u2013161. doi:10.1023\/A:1006697118620","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006697118620"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glen Bramley and Sin\u00e9ad Power. 2009. Urban form and social sustainability: the role of density and housing type. Prog. Plann 36 1 (Jan. 2009) 30\u201348. doi:10.1068\/b33129","DOI":"10.1068\/b33129"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dainel Caparros-Midwood Stuart Barr and Richard Dawson. 2015. Optimised spatial planning to meet long term urban sustainability objectives. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 54 (Nov. 2015) 154\u2013164. doi:10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2015.08.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2015.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"City of Houston Planning and Development Department. 2023. Livable Places: Chapter 26 Amendment Ordinance 2023-802 (Approved). Retrieved 2026-01-26 from https:\/\/www.houstontx.gov\/planning\/Commissions\/docs_pdfs\/Livable%20Places_Chapter%2026%20amend.%20Ord.%202023-802_Approved.pdf Enacted and passed November 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"City of Houston Planning and Development Department. 2023. Livable Places: Chapter 42 Amendment Ordinance 2023-801 (Approved). Retrieved 2026-01-26 from https:\/\/www.houstontx.gov\/planning\/Commissions\/docs_pdfs\/Livable%20Places_Chapter%2042%20amend.%20Ord.%202023-801_Approved.pdf Enacted and passed November 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_7_2","volume-title":"Official Plan","author":"Toronto City of","year":"2024","unstructured":"City of Toronto. 2024. Official Plan. Retrieved 2026-01-26 from https:\/\/www.toronto.ca\/city-government\/planning-development\/official-plan-guidelines\/official-plan"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"City of Toronto Council. 2025. Bill 833: By-law 2025 to Amend Zoning By-law 569-2013 for Laneway Suites. Retrieved 2026-01-26 from https:\/\/www.toronto.ca\/legdocs\/bills\/2025\/bill0833.pdf Enacted and passed July 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"City of Toronto Council. 2025. Bill 834: By-law 2025 to Amend Zoning By-law 569-2013 for Additional Residential Units. Retrieved 2026-01-26 from https:\/\/www.toronto.ca\/legdocs\/bills\/2025\/bill0834.pdf Enacted and passed July 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reid Ewing and Fang Rong. 2008. The impact of urban form on US residential energy use. Hous. Policy Debate 19 1 (Jan. 2008) 1\u201330. doi:10.1080\/10511482.2008.9521624","DOI":"10.1080\/10511482.2008.9521624"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reza\u00a0Zanjirani Farahani Samira Fallah Rub\u00e9n Ruiz Sara Hosseini and Nasrin Asgari. 2019. OR Models in Urban Service Facility Location: A Critical Review of Applications and Future Developments. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 276 1 (July 2019) 1\u201327. doi:10.1016\/j.ejor.2018.07.036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2018.07.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"Gurobi Optimization LLC. 2024. Gurobi Optimizer Reference Manual. https:\/\/www.gurobi.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael\u00a0P. Johnson. 2003. Single-period location models for subsidized housing: Tenant-based subsidies. Ann. Oper. Res. 123 1 (Oct. 2003) 105\u2013124. doi:10.1023\/A:1026119128524","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026119128524"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael\u00a0P. Johnson. 2006. Single-period location models for subsidized housing: Project-based subsidies. Socio-Econ. Plan. Sci. 40 4 (Dec. 2006) 249\u2013274. doi:10.1016\/j.seps.2004.11.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2004.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael\u00a0P. Johnson. 2007. Planning models for the provision of affordable housing. Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci. 34 3 (June 2007) 501\u2013523. doi:10.1068\/b31165","DOI":"10.1068\/b31165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xin Li and Xiaodong Ma. 2018. An Improved Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Interactive Multi-Objective Land Resource Spatial Allocation. Ecol. Complex. 36 (Dec. 2018) 184\u2013195. doi:10.1016\/j.ecocom.2018.08.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecocom.2018.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hongjiang Liu Fengying Yan and Hua Tian. 2022. Towards Low-Carbon Cities: Patch-based Multi-Objective Optimization of Land Use Allocation Using an Improved Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II. Ecol. Indic. 134 Article 108455 (Jan. 2022). doi:10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108455"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamshid Maleki Zohreh Masoumi Farshad Hakimpour and Carlos\u00a0A. Coello\u00a0Coello. 2022. Many-objective Land Use Planning Using a Hypercube-based NSGA-III Algorithm. Trans. GIS 26 2 (April 2022) 609\u2013644. doi:10.1111\/tgis.12876","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12876"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_19_2","unstructured":"Microsoft. [n. d.]. GlobalMLBuildingFootprints: Worldwide Building Footprints Derived from Satellite Imagery. https:\/\/github.com\/microsoft\/GlobalMLBuildingFootprints"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laurens J.\u00a0N. Oostwegel Danijel Schorlemmer and Philippe Gu\u00e9guen. 2025. From Footprints to Functions: A Comprehensive Global and Semantic Building Footprint Dataset. Sci. Data 12 1 Article 1699 (Oct. 2025). doi:10.1038\/s41597-025-06132-z","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-06132-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_21_2","unstructured":"OpenStreetMap contributors. 2017. https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tingting Pan Fenzhen Su Fengqin Yan Vincent Lyne Zhihua Wang and Liang Xu. 2023. Optimization of Multi-Objective Multi-Functional Landuse Zoning Using a Vector-Based Genetic Algorithm. Cities 137 Article 104256 (June 2023). doi:10.1016\/j.cities.2023.104256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2023.104256"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Md.\u00a0Mostafizur Rahman and Gy\u00f6rgy Szab\u00f3. 2021. Multi-Objective Urban Land Use Optimization Using Spatial Data: A Systematic Review. Sustain. Cities Soc. 74 Article 103214 (Nov. 2021). doi:10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103214"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keagan\u00a0Hudson Rankin Aldrick Arceo Kaan Isin and Shoshanna Saxe. 2024. Embodied GHG of missing middle: Residential building form and strategies for more efficient housing. J. Ind. Ecol 28 3 (March 2024) 455\u2013468. doi:10.1111\/jiec.13461","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.13461"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin R\u00f6ck Marcella Ruschi\u00a0Mendes Saade Maria Balouktsi Freja\u00a0Nygaard Rasmussen Harpa Birgisdottir Rolf Frischknecht Guillaume Habert Thomas L\u00fctzkendorf and Alexander Passer. 2020. Embodied GHG emissions of buildings\u2013The hidden challenge for effective climate change mitigation. Appl. Energy 258 Article 114107 (Jan. 2020) 114107\u00a0pages. doi:10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.114107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.114107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_26_2","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. 2022. Population and dwelling counts Canada 2021 Census of Population."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_27_2","volume-title":"Texas Population Projections: Vintage 2024","author":"Center Texas Demographic","year":"2024","unstructured":"Texas Demographic Center. 2024. Texas Population Projections: Vintage 2024. Retrieved 2026-01-26 from https:\/\/demographics.texas.gov\/Projections"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_28_2","volume-title":"World Urbanization Prospects 2025","author":"Division United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population","year":"2025","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2025. World Urbanization Prospects 2025. Technical Report. United Nations, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jasper Van\u00a0Vliet Peter\u00a0H. Verburg Simona\u00a0R. Gr\u0103dinaru and Anna\u00a0M. Hersperger. 2019. Beyond the Urban-Rural Dichotomy: Towards a More Nuanced Analysis of Changes in Built-up Land. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 74 (March 2019) 41\u201349. doi:10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2018.12.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2018.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gengzhe Wang Qi Han and Bauke de vries. 2021. The multi-objective spatial optimization of urban land use based on low-carbon city planning. Ecol. Indic. 125 Article 107540 (June 2021). doi:10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107540"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_31_2","volume-title":"Achieving Sustainable Urban Form","author":"Williams Katie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Katie Williams, Elizabeth Burton, and Mike Jenks. 2013. Achieving Sustainable Urban Form. Routledge, London, UK."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jing Yao Alan\u00a0T. Murray Jing Wang and Xiaoxiang Zhang. 2019. Evaluation and development of sustainable urban land use plans through spatial optimization. Trans. GIS 23 4 (April 2019) 705\u2013725. doi:10.1111\/tgis.12531","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12531"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jing Yao Xiaoxiang Zhang and Alan\u00a0T. Murray. 2018. Spatial Optimization for Land-use Allocation: Accounting for Sustainability Concerns. Int. Reg. Sci. Rev. 41 6 (Nov. 2018) 579\u2013600. doi:10.1177\/0160017617728551","DOI":"10.1177\/0160017617728551"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qing Zhong Alex Karner Michael Kuby and Aaron Golub. 2019. A multiobjective optimization model for locating affordable housing investments while maximizing accessibility to jobs by public transportation. Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci. 46 3 (July 2019) 490\u2013510. doi:10.1177\/2399808317719708","DOI":"10.1177\/2399808317719708"}],"event":{"name":"BuildSys '26: The 13th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation","location":"Banff Canada","acronym":"BuildSys '26","sponsor":["SIGEnergy ACM Special Interest Group on Energy Systems and Informatics"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 13th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T11:32:36Z","timestamp":1781868756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3744256.3812569"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3744256.3812569","10.1145\/3744256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3744256.3812569","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}