{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T11:53:11Z","timestamp":1781869991793,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":43,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG)","award":["910225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["910225"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3744256.3812574","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T11:01:41Z","timestamp":1781866901000},"page":"164-174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Safe Reinforcement Learning for Joint Lighting and Blind Control Using Predictive Control Barrier Functions"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7876-0170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Esmaeili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5821-5053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sascha","family":"Hammes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Energy Efficient Building, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3641-6182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Geisler-Moroder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Energy Efficient Building, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8307-9652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Weninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Development, Bartenbach GmbH, Wattens, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5795-9541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuele","family":"Tosatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4952-4337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Zech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad\u00a0S Ahmad Mohammad\u00a0Y Hassan Md\u00a0Pauzi Abdullah Hasimah\u00a0A Rahman Faridah Hussin Hayati Abdullah and Rahman Saidur. 2014. A review on applications of ANN and SVM for building electrical energy consumption forecasting. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 33 (2014) 102\u2013109.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.01.069"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aaron\u00a0D Ames Xiangru Xu Jessy\u00a0W Grizzle and Paulo Tabuada. 2016. Control barrier function based quadratic programs for safety critical systems. IEEE Trans. Automat. Control 62 8 (2016) 3861\u20133876.","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2016.2638961"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3600100.3623742"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Bartenbach GmbH Zumtobel Group Hella GmbH and University of Innsbruck. 2024. BOREALIS: Self\u2010Learning Building Controls for a Greener and Healthier Society. https:\/\/projekte.ffg.at\/projekt\/5121377 Project no.\u00a05121377."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peter\u00a0R Boyce. 2010. The impact of light in buildings on human health. Indoor and Built environment 19 1 (2010) 8\u201320.","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X09358028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3575813.3597343"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhijin Cheng Qianchuan Zhao Fulin Wang Yi Jiang Li Xia and Jinlei Ding. 2016. Satisfaction based Q-learning for integrated lighting and blind control. Energy and Buildings 127 (2016) 43\u201355.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.05.067"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivan Chew Vineetha Kalavally Naing\u00a0Win Oo and Jussi Parkkinen. 2016. Design of an energy-saving controller for an intelligent LED lighting system. Energy and Buildings 120 (2016) 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.03.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3360322.3360857"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammad Esmaeili Sascha Hammes Samuele Tosatto David Geisler-Moroder and Philipp Zech. 2025. Safe Reinforcement Learning for Buildings: Minimizing Energy Use While Maximizing Occupant Comfort. Energies 18 19 (2025) 5313.","DOI":"10.3390\/en18195313"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou Fan Rui Su Weinan Zhang and Yong Yu. 2019. Hybrid actor-critic reinforcement learning in parameterized action space. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/1903.01344 (2019).","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2019\/316"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peixin Fang Ming Wang Jingzheng Li Qianchuan Zhao Xuehan Zheng and He Gao. 2023. A distributed intelligent lighting control system based on deep reinforcement learning. Applied Sciences 13 16 (2023) 9057.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13169057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Geisler-Moroder and C Knoflach. 2025. Critical review of the daylight glare probability and proposal for modification for improved evaluation of small glare sources. Lighting Research & Technology 57 6-7 (2025) 604\u2013631.","DOI":"10.1177\/14771535251314413"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26868\/25222708.2017.401"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"Shangding Gu Long Yang Yali Du Guang Chen Florian Walter Jun Wang and Alois Knoll. 2024. A review of safe reinforcement learning: Methods theories and applications. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"Gurobi Optimization LLC. 2024. Gurobi Optimizer Reference Manual. https:\/\/www.gurobi.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luoxi Hao Lei Pang Jean-Louis Scartezzini Junli Xu and Yujie Wu. 2025. Learning personalized visual comfort: A data-driven adaptive shading control framework using artificial intelligence. Energy and Buildings 352 (2025) 116801.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2025.116801"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2015.7172044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jingyi Huang Han Wang Kostas Margellos and Paul Goulart. 2025. Predictive Control Barrier Functions: Bridging model predictive control and control barrier functions. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2502.08400 (2025).","DOI":"10.23919\/ECC65951.2025.11187291"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i20.30219"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3276774.3276788"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammad Khosravi Benjamin Huber Antoon Decoussemaeker Philipp Heer and Roy\u00a0S Smith. 2024. Model Predictive Control in buildings with thermal and visual comfort constraints. Energy and Buildings 306 (2024) 113831.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2023.113831"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuorui Li Jinzhao Tian Guanzhou Ji Tiffany Cheng Vivian Loftness and Xu Han. 2025. Reinforcement Learning-Enabled Adaptive Control for Climate-Responsive Kinetic Building Facades. Buildings 15 16 (2025) 2977.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15162977"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCPS54341.2022.00023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhaoyang Luo Cheng Sun Qi Dong and Jiaqi Yu. 2021. An innovative shading controller for blinds in an open-plan office using machine learning. Building and Environment 189 (2021) 107529.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.107529"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali Motamed Bruno Bueno Laurent Deschamps Tilmann\u00a0E Kuhn and Jean-Louis Scartezzini. 2020. Self-commissioning glare-based control system for integrated venetian blind and electric lighting. Building and Environment 171 (2020) 106642.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.106642"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francesco Nicoletti Dimitrios Kaliakatsos and Mirco Parise. 2023. Optimizing the control of Venetian blinds with artificial neural networks to achieve energy savings and visual comfort. Energy and Buildings 294 (2023) 113279.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2023.113279"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"June\u00a0Young Park Thomas Dougherty Hagen Fritz and Zoltan Nagy. 2019. LightLearn: An adaptive and occupant centered controller for lighting based on reinforcement learning. Building and Environment 147 (2019) 397\u2013414.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2018.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aji\u00a0Gautama Putrada Maman Abdurohman Doan Perdana and Hilal\u00a0Hudan Nuha. 2022. Machine learning methods in smart lighting toward achieving user comfort: A survey. IEEE access 10 (2022) 45137\u201345178.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3169765"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_31_2","unstructured":"Mudit Saxena Greg Ward Timothy Perry Lisa Heschong and Randall Higa. 2010. Dynamic Radiance\u2013Predicting annual daylighting with variable fenestration optics using BSDFs. Proceedings of SimBuild 4 1 (2010) 402\u2013409."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_32_2","unstructured":"John Schulman Philipp Moritz Sergey Levine Michael Jordan and Pieter Abbeel. 2015. High-dimensional continuous control using generalized advantage estimation. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/1506.02438 (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_33_2","unstructured":"John Schulman Filip Wolski Prafulla Dhariwal Alec Radford and Oleg Klimov. 2017. Proximal policy optimization algorithms. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/1707.06347 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_34_2","unstructured":"British Standard. 2011. Light and lighting: Lighting of work places: Part 1: Indoor work places. Indoor work places. (2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_35_2","unstructured":"Sarith Subramaniam. 2017. Daylighting simulations with radiance using matrix-based methods. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_36_2","volume-title":"Reinforcement learning: An introduction","author":"Sutton Richard\u00a0S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Richard\u00a0S Sutton and Andrew\u00a0G Barto. 2018. Reinforcement learning: An introduction. MIT press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim\u00a0P Wabersich and Melanie\u00a0N Zeilinger. 2022. Predictive control barrier functions: Enhanced safety mechanisms for learning-based control. IEEE Trans. Automat. Control 68 5 (2022) 2638\u20132651.","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2022.3175628"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/192161.192286"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_39_2","unstructured":"Jan Wienold. 2009. Dynamic daylight glare evaluation. (2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3600100.3623735"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiyu Yang Man\u00a0Pun Wan Bing\u00a0Feng Ng Swapnil Dubey Gregor\u00a0P Henze Wanyu Chen and Krishnamoorthy Baskaran. 2021. Model predictive control for integrated control of air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation lighting and shading systems. Applied Energy 297 (2021) 117112.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2021.117112"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3360322.3360861"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chi Zhang Sanmukh\u00a0Rao Kuppannagari and Viktor\u00a0K Prasanna. 2022. Safe building hvac control via batch reinforcement learning. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing 7 4 (2022) 923\u2013934.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSUSC.2022.3164084"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3447555.3464855"}],"event":{"name":"BuildSys '26: The 13th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation","location":"Banff Canada","acronym":"BuildSys '26","sponsor":["SIGEnergy ACM Special Interest Group on Energy Systems and Informatics"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 13th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T11:26:36Z","timestamp":1781868396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3744256.3812574"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3744256.3812574","10.1145\/3744256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3744256.3812574","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}