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Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT), substantial research efforts have been devoted to extending the sensing capability of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags. State-of-the-art approaches either demand sophisticated hardware redesign or are constrained to specific sensing capability, leading to increased costs and limited scalability. In this article, we present the design of a generic sensor tag (GS-Tag) based on RF switches and COTS RFID system for transmission of generic sensor data. RF switches are connected in parallel with the RFID chip, and the GS-Tag modulates the sensor data by controlling the RF switches. Specifically, with the RF switches turned on, the tag\u2019s chip is short-circuited, rendering it unreadable; conversely, turning off the RF switches makes the tag readable. The reader demodulates the data through the compatible electronic product code (EPC) protocol. A subtle dual RF switch scheme is adopted to extend the communication range. In addition to the battery-powered solution, we integrate an RF energy-harvesting module, develop a high-efficiency energy management circuit, and design an efficient task scheduling strategy to enable the GS-Tag to operate in a battery-free mode. We implement a prototype of GS-Tag with COTS RFID devices. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that our designed GS-Tag can achieve an average packet reception rate (PRR) exceeding 99%, exhibits robustness to environmental disturbance, and facilitates coexistence of six GS-Tags with an average PRR of over 91%. Due to the dual RF switch scheme, the communication range of GS-Tag extends to 12 m. Besides, GS-Tag has an extremely low power consumption of just 3.98 \u03bcW. A practical application is developed to accurately monitor temperature and ambient light intensity in an office environment while maintaining low power consumption. Our designed GS-Tag presents a cost-effective and compatible solution for expanding the sensing capabilities of COTS RFID system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3744563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T07:16:59Z","timestamp":1750058219000},"page":"1-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["GS-Tag: Design of a Generic Sensor Tag Based on RF Switches and COTS RFID System"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5498-412X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology","place":["Hangzhou, China"]},{"name":"School of Computer Science, Yangtze University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1519-684X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hangliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3976-3828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0279-0742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4880-5636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuzhe","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7246-0012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4751-2049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaikai","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2015.2470538","article-title":"Multiport UHF RFID-tag antenna for enhanced energy harvesting of self-powered wireless sensors","volume":"12","author":"Abdulhadi Abdulhadi Ebrahim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abdulhadi Ebrahim Abdulhadi and Ramesh Abhari. 2016. 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