{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T22:56:03Z","timestamp":1776984963759,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","funder":[{"name":"Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2020B0909050001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B0909050001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"China National Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62172379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62172379"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"JSPS (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research","award":["23K11080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K11080"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Sen. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Magnetic resonant coupling (MRC) enabled wireless power transfer (WPT) systems have shown significant promise in efficiently charging multiple devices simultaneously through beamforming technology. The existing works propose various mechanisms for achieving better charging performance, but they still lack exploration of transmitter (TX) coil orientation adjustment and rarely consider the dynamic deployment of TXs. In this work, we propose the\n            <jats:underline>D<\/jats:underline>\n            istributed\n            <jats:underline>A<\/jats:underline>\n            daptive\n            <jats:underline>E<\/jats:underline>\n            xploration and\n            <jats:underline>E<\/jats:underline>\n            xploitation (\n            <jats:monospace>DAEE<\/jats:monospace>\n            ) algorithm for orientation adjustment in MRC-WPT systems, which includes both hardware and software innovations. The hardware component features a servo motor-based mechanical device that adjusts the TX coil orientation. In the software aspect, we decompose the charging performance optimization problem and devise a distributed orientation control algorithm combining exploration and exploitation mechanisms. We develop a system prototype for the\n            <jats:monospace>DAEE<\/jats:monospace>\n            algorithm and conduct extensive experiments to validate its performance. Specifically, the TX orientation adjustment significantly enhances performance, achieving an average 103% improvement in power-delivered-to-load (PDL) compared to state-of-the-art frequency adjustment-based solutions that do not adjust orientation. Additionally, the combination of exploration and exploitation strategies in the\n            <jats:monospace>DAEE<\/jats:monospace>\n            algorithm proves effective, delivering a 24% performance improvement over the random beamforming (RB)-based exploration method.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3744564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T07:05:32Z","timestamp":1749625532000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["DAEE: Distributed Adaptive Exploration and Exploitation for Orientation Adjustment in Magnetic Wireless Power Transfer System"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3699-2828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fengyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7545-6745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8676-8614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiming","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1125-9064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2915-4324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wangqiu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6611-2409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1240-4953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University","place":["Mito, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6070-6625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SAHCN.2018.8397139"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/wpt.2019.8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM48880.2022.9796771"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEECONF48524.2019.9102563"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2018.2791444"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inductively coupled power transmission-concept, design, and application","volume":"22","author":"Green A. W.","year":"1995","unstructured":"A. W. Green and J. T. Boys. 1995. Inductively coupled power transmission-concept, design, and application. Transactions of the Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand: Electrical\/Mechanical\/Chemical Engineering Section 22, 1 (1995), 1\u20139.","journal-title":"Transactions of the Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand: Electrical\/Mechanical\/Chemical Engineering Section"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SECON58729.2023.10287474"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"424","article-title":"The importance of degrees of freedom in the design of compliant mechanisms","volume":"121","author":"Howell Larry L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Larry L. Howell and Spencer P. Magleby. 1999. The importance of degrees of freedom in the design of compliant mechanisms. ASME Journal of Mechanical Design 121, 3 (1999), 424\u2013429.","journal-title":"ASME Journal of Mechanical Design"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2014.2331143","article-title":"Frequency splitting phenomena of magnetic resonant coupling wireless power transfer","volume":"50","author":"Huang R.","year":"2014","unstructured":"R. Huang, Z. Bo, D. Qiu, and Y. Zhang. 2014. Frequency splitting phenomena of magnetic resonant coupling wireless power transfer. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 50, 11 (2014), 1\u20134.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2639108.2639130"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"206","article-title":"A misalignment-adaptive wireless power transfer system using PSO-based frequency tracking","volume":"10","author":"Kilic Fuat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fuat Kilic, Serkan Sezen, and Seyit Ahmet Sis. 2020. A misalignment-adaptive wireless power transfer system using PSO-based frequency tracking. An International Journal of Optimization and Control: Theories and Applications 10, 2 (2020), 206\u2013217.","journal-title":"An International Journal of Optimization and Control: Theories and Applications"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andre Kurs Aristeidis Karalis Robert Moffatt John D. Joannopoulos Peter Fisher and Marin Soljacic. 2007. Wireless power transfer via strongly coupled magnetic resonances. Science 317 5834 (2007) 83\u201386.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1143254"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE47101.2021.9594955"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Mudumbai G. Barriac and U. Madhow. 2007. On the feasibility of distributed beamforming in wireless networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 6 5 (2007) 1754\u20131763. DOI:10.1109\/TWC.2007.360377","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2007.360377"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"105","article-title":"Analysis of cumulative error in precision machinery assembly","volume":"43","author":"Liu Yafeng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yafeng Liu, Baoxing Hu, Fuli Wang, and Weiqian Zhao. 2007. Analysis of cumulative error in precision machinery assembly. Journal of Mechanical Engineering 43, 5 (2007), 105\u2013110.","journal-title":"Journal of Mechanical Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.2996749"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSIPN.2015.2505904"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Mudumbai G. Barriac and U. Madhow. 2007. On the feasibility of distributed beamforming in wireless networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 6 5 (2007) 1754\u20131763. DOI:10.1109\/TWC.2007.360377","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2007.360377"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIT.2005.1523309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","first-page":"1020","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 44th Allerton Conference on Communication, Control and Computation","author":"Mudumbai Raghuraman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Raghuraman Mudumbai, Ben Wild, Upamanyu Madhow, and Kannan Ramchandran. 2006. Distributed beamforming using 1 bit feedback: From concept to realization. In Proceedings of the 44th Allerton Conference on Communication, Control and Computation. 1020\u20131027."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9030461"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANSAP.2016.7485704"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shuyi Ren Kaiming Shen Yaowen Zhang Xin Li Xin Chen and Zhi-Quan Luo. 2022. Configuring intelligent reflecting surface with performance guarantees: Blind beamforming. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 22 5 (2022) 3355\u20133370.","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3217679"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2010.2046002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2789168.2790092"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","article-title":"IMRG: Impedance matching oriented receiver grouping for MIMO WPT system","author":"Tang Lulu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lulu Tang, Hao Zhou, Weiming Guo, Wangqiu Zhou, Xin Guo, and Xiaoyan Wang. 2022. IMRG: Impedance matching oriented receiver grouping for MIMO WPT system. In Proceedings of the 2022 18th International Conference on Mobility, Sensing and Networking (MSN\u201922).","journal-title":"In Proceedings of the 2022 18th International Conference on Mobility, Sensing and Networking (MSN\u201922)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en9030156"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou Wangqiu Zhou Hao Hua Wenxiong Zhou Fengyu Cui Xiang Tang Suhua Liu Zhi and Li Xiang-Yang. 2021. IMP: Impedance Matching Enhanced Power-delivered-to-load Optimization for Magnetic MIMO Wireless Power Transfer System. In Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE\/ACM 29th International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQOS\u201921).","DOI":"10.1109\/IWQOS52092.2021.9521305"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11152297"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2021.3093718"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWC53906.2023.10304458"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2017.2673816"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2108\/1\/012035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM41043.2020.9155369"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3582693"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3582692"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON51785.2023.10311772"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3744564","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T13:35:40Z","timestamp":1753191340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3744564"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3744564"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3744564","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4859","1550-4867"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-4859","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-4867","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}