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Intell. Syst. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Manual annotation for crowd counting remains labor-intensive and costly. Although existing semi-supervised methods partially alleviate this burden, they still face significant challenges regarding the quality of generated pseudo-labels and the utilization of unlabeled data. To address these issues, we propose a novel semi-supervised crowd counting framework, called Point-Adaptive Teacher (PAT). This framework integrates Adaptive Soft Threshold (AST) and contrastive learning to enhance pseudo-label quality and effectively leverage unlabeled data. Specifically, we employ the Swin Transformer as the backbone and develop Swin-P2PNet, which captures global contextual information through hierarchical window attention, improving the accuracy of pseudo-labels. Additionally, we design the AST that dynamically adjusts the sample loss weight by combining confidence and uncertainty predictions, thereby alleviating the effect of noise in pseudo-labels. Finally, we introduce a contrastive learning strategy requiring no extra parameters. This strategy enhances the model\u2019s ability to learn latent representations from unlabeled data. Extensive experiments have been conducted on three public datasets, namely ShanghaiTech, JHU-Crowd++, and UCF-QNRF. The results demonstrate that our method achieves performance comparable to state-of-the-art methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3744747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T10:01:34Z","timestamp":1750068094000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Semi-Supervised Crowd Counting via Swin Transformer with Adaptive Soft Threshold and Contrastive Learning"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8754-5588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingwei","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4143-6399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kehua","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China and Furong Laboratory, Central South University, Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4191-9059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4595-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuyang","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3488-4679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaokang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Business Data Science, Kansai University, Osaka, Japan and RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i2.16170"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"23839","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Cao Shengcao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shengcao Cao, Dhiraj Joshi, Liang-Yan Gui, and Yu-Xiong Wang. 2023. 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