{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:40:37Z","timestamp":1776109237138,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":76,"publisher":"ACM","funder":[{"name":"NSF SaTC Grant","award":["231629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["231629"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3746059.3747633","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T07:44:49Z","timestamp":1758959089000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Imago Obscura: An Image Privacy AI Co-pilot to Enable Identification and Mitigation of Risks"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2723-9500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyzyl","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7045-4477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuchen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9073-8054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sauvik","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Adobe Inc.2025. Adobe Photoshop. https:\/\/www.adobe.com\/products\/photoshop.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240683"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Open AI. 2023. Gpt-4 technical report. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2303.08774 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1179601.1179608"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology 3 2 (2006) 77\u2013101.","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"Matic Broz. 2024. How many pictures are there (2024): Statistics trends and forecasts. https:\/\/photutorial.com\/photos-statistics\/ Accessed: 2024-09-02."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2802083.2808398"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Lorrie\u00a0F Cranor. 2008. A framework for reasoning about the human in the loop. Conference on Usability Psychology and Security 1 (2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sauvik Das Cori Faklaris Jason\u00a0I Hong Laura\u00a0A Dabbish et\u00a0al. 2022. The security & privacy acceptance framework (spaf). Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Privacy and Security 5 1-2 (2022) 1\u2013143.","DOI":"10.1561\/3300000026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jelle Demanet Kristof Dhont Lies Notebaert Sven Pattyn and Andr\u00e9 Vandierendonck. 2007. Pixelating familiar people in the media: Should masking be taken at face value? Psychologica belgica 47 4 (2007) 261\u2013276.","DOI":"10.5334\/pb-47-4-261"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Early Moon LLC. 2025. DAMA - Auto Redact Privacy. https:\/\/apps.apple.com\/us\/app\/dama-auto-redact-privacy\/id1534690075."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1600176.1600182"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael Fire Roy Goldschmidt and Yuval Elovici. 2014. Online social networks: threats and solutions. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 16 4 (2014) 2019\u20132036.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2321628"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3019612.3019909"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2009.5459413"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"Guardian Project. 2025. ObscuraCam: The Privacy Camera. https:\/\/guardianproject.info\/apps\/obscuracam\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maanak Gupta CharanKumar Akiri Kshitiz Aryal Eli Parker and Lopamudra Praharaj. 2023. From chatgpt to threatgpt: Impact of generative ai in cybersecurity and privacy. IEEE Access (2023).","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3300381"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40000.2020.00097"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173621"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300597"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2017.175"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-41320-9_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702183"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813603"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasha Iravantchi Thomas Krolikowski William Wang Kang\u00a0G Shin and Alanson Sample. 2024. PrivacyLens: On-Device PII Removal from RGB Images using Thermally-Enhanced Sensing. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2024) 1 (2024) 20.","DOI":"10.56553\/popets-2024-0146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3618260.3649777"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vladimir Karpukhin Barlas O\u011fuz Sewon Min Patrick Lewis Ledell Wu Sergey Edunov Danqi Chen and Wen-tau Yih. 2020. Dense passage retrieval for open-domain question answering. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2004.04906 (2020).","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.550"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_29_2","unstructured":"Tero Karras Miika Aittala Janne Hellsten Samuli Laine Jaakko Lehtinen and Timo Aila. 2020. Training generative adversarial networks with limited data. Advances in neural information processing systems 33 (2020) 12104\u201312114."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_30_2","first-page":"579","volume-title":"Nineteenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2023)","author":"Kelley Patrick\u00a0Gage","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patrick\u00a0Gage Kelley, Celestina Cornejo, Lisa Hayes, Ellie\u00a0Shuo Jin, Aaron Sedley, Kurt Thomas, Yongwei Yang, and Allison Woodruff. 2023. \" There will be less privacy, of course\": How and why people in 10 countries expect { AI} will affect privacy in the future. In Nineteenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2023). 579\u2013603."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531073.3531125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00371"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858417"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2027040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_35_2","unstructured":"Open-source Krita\u00a0Foundation. 2025. Krita: Free and open-source digital painting application. https:\/\/krita.org\/en\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_36_2","unstructured":"Damera\u00a0Vijay Kumar P\u00a0Satya\u00a0Shekar Varma and Shyam\u00a0Sunder Pabboju. 2013. Security issues in social networking. International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security (IJCSNS) 13 6 (2013) 120."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karen Lander Vicki Bruce and Harry Hill. 2001. Evaluating the effectiveness of pixelation and blurring on masking the identity of familiar faces. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 15 1 (2001) 101\u2013116.","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0720(200101\/02)15:1<101::AID-ACP697>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_39_2","unstructured":"Patrick Lewis Ethan Perez Aleksandra Piktus Fabio Petroni Vladimir Karpukhin Naman Goyal Heinrich K\u00fcttler Mike Lewis Wen-tau Yih Tim Rockt\u00e4schel et\u00a0al. 2020. Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive nlp tasks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 (2020) 9459\u20139474."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2019.8737466"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71598-8_51"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517520"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2018.00209"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376498"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yifang Li Nishant Vishwamitra Bart\u00a0P Knijnenburg Hongxin Hu and Kelly Caine. 2017. Effectiveness and users\u2019 experience of obfuscation as a privacy-enhancing technology for sharing photos. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 1 CSCW (2017) 1\u201324.","DOI":"10.1145\/3134702"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chi Liu Tianqing Zhu Jun Zhang and Wanlei Zhou. 2022. Privacy intelligence: A survey on image privacy in online social networks. Comput. Surveys 55 8 (2022) 1\u201335.","DOI":"10.1145\/3547299"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virginia Mantouvalou. 2019. \u2018I lost my job over a Facebook post: Was that fair?\u2019Discipline and dismissal for social media activity. International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 35 1 (2019).","DOI":"10.54648\/IJCL2019005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_48_2","unstructured":"Gary Marcus. 2020. The next decade in AI: four steps towards robust artificial intelligence. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2002.06177 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillip Nyoni and Mthulisi Velempini. 2018. Privacy and user awareness on Facebook. South African Journal of Science 114 5-6 (2018) 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2018\/20170103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.398"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/642611.642635"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Constantinos Patsakis Athanasios Zigomitros Achilleas Papageorgiou and Agusti Solanas. 2015. Privacy and security for multimedia content shared on OSNs: issues and countermeasures. Comput. J. 58 4 (2015) 518\u2013535.","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxu066"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_53_2","first-page":"8748","volume-title":"International conference on machine learning","author":"Radford Alec","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alec Radford, Jong\u00a0Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, et\u00a0al. 2021. Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision. In International conference on machine learning. PMLR, 8748\u20138763."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_54_2","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Fourteenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2018)","author":"Rashidi Yasmeen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yasmeen Rashidi, Tousif Ahmed, Felicia Patel, Emily Fath, Apu Kapadia, Christena Nippert-Eng, and Norman\u00a0Makoto Su. 2018. \" You don\u2019t want to be the next meme\": College Students\u2019 Workarounds to Manage Privacy in the Era of Pervasive Photography. In Fourteenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2018). 143\u2013157."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_56_2","first-page":"2187","volume-title":"32nd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 23)","author":"Shan Shawn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shawn Shan, Jenna Cryan, Emily Wenger, Haitao Zheng, Rana Hanocka, and Ben\u00a0Y Zhao. 2023. Glaze: Protecting artists from style mimicry by { Text-to-Image} models. In 32nd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 23). 2187\u20132204."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_57_2","unstructured":"Shawn Shan Wenxin Ding Josephine Passananti Haitao Zheng and Ben\u00a0Y Zhao. 2023. Prompt-specific poisoning attacks on text-to-image generative models. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2310.13828 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_58_2","first-page":"1589","volume-title":"29th USENIX security symposium (USENIX Security 20)","author":"Shan Shawn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shawn Shan, Emily Wenger, Jiayun Zhang, Huiying Li, Haitao Zheng, and Ben\u00a0Y Zhao. 2020. Fawkes: Protecting privacy against unauthorized deep learning models. In 29th USENIX security symposium (USENIX Security 20). 1589\u20131604."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2441776.2441865"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2911996.2912018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1056808.1057039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_62_2","volume-title":"2020 19th IEEE international conference on machine learning and applications (ICMLA)","author":"Vishwamitra Nishant","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nishant Vishwamitra, Hongxin Hu, Feng Luo, and Long Cheng. 2021. Towards understanding and detecting cyberbullying in real-world images. In 2020 19th IEEE international conference on machine learning and applications (ICMLA)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3508398.3511517"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2078827.2078841"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_65_2","unstructured":"Jason Wei Xuezhi Wang Dale Schuurmans Maarten Bosma Fei Xia Ed Chi Quoc\u00a0V Le Denny Zhou et\u00a0al. 2022. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models. Advances in neural information processing systems 35 (2022) 24824\u201324837."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_66_2","unstructured":"Bin Xiao Haiping Wu Weijian Xu Xiyang Dai Houdong Hu Yumao Lu Michael Zeng Ce Liu and Lu Yuan. 2023. Florence-2: Advancing a Unified Representation for a Variety of Vision Tasks. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2311.06242\u00a0[cs.CV] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2311.06242"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3581754.3584176"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anran Xu Zhongyi Zhou Kakeru Miyazaki Ryo Yoshikawa Simo Hosio and Koji Yatani. 2024. DIPA2: An Image Dataset with Cross-cultural Privacy Perception Annotations. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 7 4 (2024) 1\u201330.","DOI":"10.1145\/3631439"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_70_2","unstructured":"Ziwei Xu Sanjay Jain and Mohan Kankanhalli. 2024. Hallucination is inevitable: An innate limitation of large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2401.11817 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_71_2","unstructured":"Jianwei Yang Hao Zhang Feng Li Xueyan Zou Chunyuan Li and Jianfeng Gao. 2023. Set-of-mark prompting unleashes extraordinary visual grounding in gpt-4v. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2310.11441 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA.2017.00-73"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jun Yu Zhenzhong Kuang Baopeng Zhang Wei Zhang Dan Lin and Jianping Fan. 2018. Leveraging content sensitiveness and user trustworthiness to recommend fine-grained privacy settings for social image sharing. IEEE transactions on information forensics and security 13 5 (2018) 1317\u20131332.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2017.2787986"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jun Yu Baopeng Zhang Zhengzhong Kuang Dan Lin and Jianping Fan. 2016. iPrivacy: image privacy protection by identifying sensitive objects via deep multi-task learning. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 12 5 (2016) 1005\u20131016.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2636090"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2396761.2398735"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2348283.2348292"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v16i1.19387"}],"event":{"name":"UIST '25: The 38th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","location":"Busan Republic of Korea","acronym":"UIST '25","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction","SIGGRAPH ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 38th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3746059.3747633","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T22:03:29Z","timestamp":1759010609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3746059.3747633"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3746059.3747633","10.1145\/3746059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3746059.3747633","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}