{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T22:40:11Z","timestamp":1759012811331,"version":"3.44.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":113,"publisher":"ACM","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3746059.3747683","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T07:44:49Z","timestamp":1758959089000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Touchscreens in Motion: Quantifying the Impact of Cognitive Load on Distracted Drivers"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9937-7550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiyuan","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science &amp; Engineering | DUB Group, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5244-017X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seokhyun","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Information School | DUB Group, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2820-6751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junhan","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Information School | DUB Group, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1311-386X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre L. S.","family":"Filipowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toyota Research Institute, Los Altos, California, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5128-0282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Best","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toyota Research Institute, Los Altos, California, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1926-4714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toyota Research Institute, Los Altos, California, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2942-972X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toyota Research Institute, Los Altos, California, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9194-934X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Fogarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science &amp; Engineering | DUB Group, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3675-5491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob O.","family":"Wobbrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Information School | DUB Group, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavlo Antonenko Fred Paas Roland Grabner and Tamara Van\u00a0Gog. 2010. Using electroencephalography to measure cognitive load. Educational psychology review 22 (2010) 425\u2013438.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_2_2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-010-9130-y"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seyed Amir\u00a0Hossein Aqajari Emad\u00a0Kasaeyan Naeini Milad\u00a0Asgari Mehrabadi Sina Labbaf Nikil Dutt and Amir\u00a0M Rahmani. 2021. pyeda: An open-source python toolkit for pre-processing and feature extraction of electrodermal activity. Procedia Computer Science 184 (2021) 99\u2013106.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_3_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2021.03.021"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gayoung Ban and Woojin Park. 2024. Effects of in-vehicle touchscreen location on driver task performance eye gaze behavior and workload during conditionally automated driving: nondriving-related task and take-over. Human Factors 66 12 (2024) 2651\u20132668.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_4_2","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208241226838"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefan Becker Parrish Hanna and Verena Wagner. 2014. Human machine interface design in modern vehicles. Encyclopedia of automotive engineering (2014) 1\u201316.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_5_2","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118354179.auto248"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kristen\u00a0E Beede and Steven\u00a0J Kass. 2006. Engrossed in conversation: The impact of cell phones on simulated driving performance. Accident Analysis & Prevention 38 2 (2006) 415\u2013421.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_6_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.10.015"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_7_2","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2466180"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David\u00a0P Broadbent Giorgia D\u2019Innocenzo Toby\u00a0J Ellmers Justin Parsler Andre\u00a0J Szameitat and Daniel\u00a0T Bishop. 2023. Cognitive load working memory capacity and driving performance: A preliminary fNIRS and eye tracking study. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour 92 (2023) 121\u2013132.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_8_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2022.11.013"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karel\u00a0A Brookhuis Cornelie\u00a0JG van Driel Tineke Hof Bart van Arem and Marika Hoedemaeker. 2009. Driving with a congestion assistant; mental workload and acceptance. Applied ergonomics 40 6 (2009) 1019\u20131025.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_9_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2008.06.010"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_10_2","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518950"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_11_2","DOI":"10.23919\/SPA.2019.8936745"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_12_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96074-6_31"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeff\u00a0K Caird Sarah\u00a0M Simmons Katelyn Wiley Kate\u00a0A Johnston and William\u00a0J Horrey. 2018. Does talking on a cell phone with a passenger or dialing affect driving performance? An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies. Human factors 60 1 (2018) 101\u2013133.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_13_2","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720817748145"},{"unstructured":"Council of European Union. 2019. Council regulation (EU) no 2019\/2144. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2019\/2144\/oj.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_14_2"},{"unstructured":"ERFW Crossman. 1957. The speed and accuracy of simple hand movements. The nature and acquisition of industrial skills (1957).","key":"e_1_3_3_1_15_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edward Robert\u00a0FW Crossman and PJ Goodeve. 1983. Feedback control of hand-movement and Fitts\u2019 Law. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 35 2 (1983) 251\u2013278.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_16_2","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748308402133"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gianluca Di\u00a0Flumeri Gianluca Borghini Pietro Aric\u00f2 Nicolina Sciaraffa Paola Lanzi Simone Pozzi Valeria Vignali Claudio Lantieri Arianna Bichicchi Andrea Simone et\u00a0al. 2018. EEG-based mental workload neurometric to evaluate the impact of different traffic and road conditions in real driving settings. Frontiers in human neuroscience 12 (2018) 509.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_17_2","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00509"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roger\u00a0D Dias Minhtran\u00a0C Ngo-Howard Marko\u00a0T Boskovski Marco\u00a0A Zenati and Steven\u00a0J Yule. 2018. Systematic review of measurement tools to assess surgeons\u2019 intraoperative cognitive workload. Journal of British Surgery 105 5 (2018) 491\u2013501.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_18_2","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.10795"},{"unstructured":"Nguyen Do\u00a0Duc\u00a0Khanh. 2022. Are touch screens the new mobile phone? The effects of touch screen devices in vehicles on distraction and driving behaviour. (2022).","key":"e_1_3_3_1_19_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_20_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Conference on robot learning","author":"Dosovitskiy Alexey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alexey Dosovitskiy, German Ros, Felipe Codevilla, Antonio Lopez, and Vladlen Koltun. 2017. CARLA: An open urban driving simulator. In Conference on robot learning. PMLR, 1\u201316."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_21_2","DOI":"10.1145\/302979.303042"},{"unstructured":"Cognitive Workload\u00a0While Driving. 2022. Multitasking While Driving: Central Bottleneck or Problem State Interference? (2022).","key":"e_1_3_3_1_22_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David\u00a0B Duncan. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. biometrics 11 1 (1955) 1\u201342.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_23_2","DOI":"10.2307\/3001478"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johan Engstr\u00f6m Emma Johansson and Joakim \u00d6stlund. 2005. Effects of visual and cognitive load in real and simulated motorway driving. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour 8 2 (2005) 97\u2013120.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_24_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2005.04.012"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johan Engstr\u00f6m Gustav Markkula Trent Victor and Natasha Merat. 2017. Effects of cognitive load on driving performance: The cognitive control hypothesis. Human factors 59 5 (2017) 734\u2013764.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_25_2","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720817690639"},{"unstructured":"Johan Engstr\u00f6m Christopher\u00a0A Monk Richard\u00a0J Hanowski William\u00a0J Horrey John\u00a0D Lee Daniel\u00a0V McGehee Michael Regan Alan Stevens Eric Traube Marko Tuukkanen et\u00a0al. 2013. A conceptual framework and taxonomy for understanding and categorizing driver inattention. (2013).","key":"e_1_3_3_1_26_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_27_2","DOI":"10.1145\/1979742.1979871"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_28_2","volume-title":"Extending the linear model with R: generalized linear, mixed effects and nonparametric regression models","author":"Faraway Julian\u00a0J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Julian\u00a0J Faraway. 2016. Extending the linear model with R: generalized linear, mixed effects and nonparametric regression models. Chapman and Hall\/CRC."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fred Feng Yili Liu and Yifan Chen. 2018. Effects of quantity and size of buttons of in-vehicle touch screen on drivers\u2019 eye glance behavior. International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction 34 12 (2018) 1105\u20131118.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_29_2","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2017.1415688"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank\u00a0A Fishburn Megan\u00a0E Norr Andrei\u00a0V Medvedev and Chandan\u00a0J Vaidya. 2014. Sensitivity of fNIRS to cognitive state and load. Frontiers in human neuroscience 8 (2014) 76.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_30_2","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00076"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul\u00a0M Fitts. 1954. The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of experimental psychology 47 6 (1954) 381.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_31_2","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055392"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_32_2","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174226"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milton Friedman. 1937. The use of ranks to avoid the assumption of normality implicit in the analysis of variance. Journal of the american statistical association 32 200 (1937) 675\u2013701.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_33_2","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1937.10503522"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_34_2","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2012.6232222"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergio Garrido-Jurado Rafael Mu\u00f1oz-Salinas Francisco\u00a0Jos\u00e9 Madrid-Cuevas and Manuel\u00a0Jes\u00fas Mar\u00edn-Jim\u00e9nez. 2014. Automatic generation and detection of highly reliable fiducial markers under occlusion. Pattern Recognition 47 6 (2014) 2280\u20132292.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_35_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2014.01.005"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafael\u00a0C Gon\u00e7alves Courtney\u00a0M Goodridge Jonny Kuo Mike\u00a0G Lenn\u00e9 and Natasha Merat. 2024. Using driver monitoring to estimate readiness in automation: a conceptual model based on simulator experimental data. Cognition Technology & Work (2024) 1\u201316.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_36_2","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4344023\/v1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Courtney\u00a0M Goodridge Rafael\u00a0C Goncalves Ali Arabian Anthony Horrobin Albert Solernou Yee\u00a0Thung Lee Yee\u00a0Mun Lee Ruth Madigan and Natasha Merat. 2024. Gaze entropy metrics for mental workload estimation are heterogenous during hands-off level 2 automation. Accident Analysis & Prevention 202 (2024) 107560.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_37_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107560"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_38_2","DOI":"10.1145\/3581961.3609839"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_39_2","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2013.6629621"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joanne\u00a0L Harbluk Y\u00a0Ian Noy Patricia\u00a0L Trbovich and Moshe Eizenman. 2007. An on-road assessment of cognitive distraction: Impacts on drivers\u2019 visual behavior and braking performance. Accident Analysis & Prevention 39 2 (2007) 372\u2013379.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_40_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.08.013"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_41_2","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120605000909"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_42_2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dengbo He Ziquan Wang Elias\u00a0B Khalil Birsen Donmez Guangkai Qiao and Shekhar Kumar. 2022. Classification of driver cognitive load: Exploring the benefits of fusing eye-tracking and physiological measures. Transportation research record 2676 10 (2022) 670\u2013681.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_43_2","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981221090937"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"William\u00a0S Helton and Katharina N\u00e4swall. 2015. Short stress state questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment (2015).","key":"e_1_3_3_1_44_2","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000200"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckhard\u00a0H Hess and James\u00a0M Polt. 1964. Pupil size in relation to mental activity during simple problem-solving. Science 143 3611 (1964) 1190\u20131192.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_45_2","DOI":"10.1126\/science.143.3611.1190"},{"unstructured":"Sture Holm. 1979. A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian journal of statistics (1979) 65\u201370.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_46_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_47_2","DOI":"10.1145\/3706599.3719913"},{"unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization. 2002. Ergonomic Requirements for Office Work with Visual Display Terminals (VDTs) \u2014 Part 9: Requirements for Non-Keyboard Input Devices. Published February 15 2002.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_48_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christian\u00a0P Janssen Duncan\u00a0P Brumby and Rae Garnett. 2012. Natural break points: The influence of priorities and cognitive and motor cues on dual-task interleaving. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 6 1 (2012) 5\u201329.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_49_2","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343411432339"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_50_2","DOI":"10.1145\/3546155.3546644"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jahanvash Karim Robert Weisz and Shafiq\u00a0Ur Rehman. 2011. International positive and negative affect schedule short-form (I-PANAS-SF): Testing for factorial invariance across cultures. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 15 (2011) 2016\u20132022.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_51_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.04.046"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomas Knapen Jan\u00a0Willem de Gee Jan Brascamp Stijn Nuiten Sylco Hoppenbrouwers and Jan Theeuwes. 2016. Cognitive and ocular factors jointly determine pupil responses under equiluminance. PloS one 11 5 (2016) e0155574.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_52_2","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155574"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariska\u00a0E Kret and Elio\u00a0E Sjak-Shie. 2019. Preprocessing pupil size data: Guidelines and code. Behavior research methods 51 (2019) 1336\u20131342.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_53_2","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1075-y"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_54_2","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713590"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marta Lagomarsino Marta Lorenzini Elena De\u00a0Momi and Arash Ajoudani. 2022. An online framework for cognitive load assessment in industrial tasks. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 78 (2022) 102380.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_55_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2022.102380"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dave Lamble Matti Laakso and Heikki Summala. 1999. Detection thresholds in car following situations and peripheral vision: Implications for positioning of visually demanding in-car displays. Ergonomics 42 6 (1999) 807\u2013815.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_56_2","DOI":"10.1080\/001401399185306"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bidhan Lamichhane Andrew Westbrook Michael\u00a0W Cole and Todd\u00a0S Braver. 2020. Exploring brain-behavior relationships in the N-back task. NeuroImage 212 (2020) 116683.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_57_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116683"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John\u00a0D Lee. 2007. Technology and teen drivers. Journal of safety research 38 2 (2007) 203\u2013213.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_58_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2007.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_59_2","volume-title":"Driving Assessment Conference","volume":"9","author":"Lee Ja\u00a0Young","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ja\u00a0Young Lee and Willhelm\u00a0E Lee. 2017. Modeling the effect of subtask boundaries on driver glance behavior. In Driving Assessment Conference , Vol.\u00a09. University of Iowa."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tayla\u00a0B Lino Gabriella\u00a0S Scarmagnan Sidney\u00a0A Sobrinho-Junior Giovanna\u00a0MF Tessari Glaucia\u00a0H Gon\u00e7alves Hugo\u00a0M Pereira and Gustavo Christofoletti. 2023. Impact of using smartphone while walking or standing: a study focused on age and cognition. Brain sciences 13 7 (2023) 987.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_60_2","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13070987"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luca Longo Christopher\u00a0D Wickens Gabriella Hancock and Peter\u00a0A Hancock. 2022. Human mental workload: A survey and a novel inclusive definition. Frontiers in psychology 13 (2022) 883321.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_61_2","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.883321"},{"unstructured":"Camillo Lugaresi Jiuqiang Tang Hadon Nash Chris McClanahan Esha Uboweja Michael Hays Fan Zhang Chuo-Ling Chang Ming\u00a0Guang Yong Juhyun Lee et\u00a0al. 2019. Mediapipe: A framework for building perception pipelines. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/1906.08172 (2019).","key":"e_1_3_3_1_62_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_63_2","DOI":"10.4271\/2017-01-1984"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I\u00a0Scott MacKenzie. 1989. A note on the information-theoretic basis for Fitts\u2019 law. Journal of motor behavior 21 3 (1989) 323\u2013330.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_64_2","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1989.10735486"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I\u00a0Scott MacKenzie. 1992. Fitts\u2019 law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction. Human-computer interaction 7 1 (1992) 91\u2013139.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_65_2","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0701_3"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_66_2","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357308"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_67_2","DOI":"10.1145\/365024.365028"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_68_2","DOI":"10.1145\/274644.274691"},{"unstructured":"Stefan Mattes. 2003. The lane-change-task as a tool for driver distraction evaluation. Quality of Work and Products in Enterprises of the Future 57 60 (2003) 7.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_69_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruce Mehler Bryan Reimer and Joseph\u00a0F Coughlin. 2012. Sensitivity of physiological measures for detecting systematic variations in cognitive demand from a working memory task: an on-road study across three age groups. Human factors 54 3 (2012) 396\u2013412.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_70_2","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812442086"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruce Mehler Bryan Reimer Joseph\u00a0F Coughlin and Jeffery\u00a0A Dusek. 2009. Impact of incremental increases in cognitive workload on physiological arousal and performance in young adult drivers. Transportation research record 2138 1 (2009) 6\u201312.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_71_2","DOI":"10.3141\/2138-02"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sean\u00a0M Montgomery Nitin Nair Phoebe Chen and Suzanne Dikker. 2024. Validating EmotiBit an open-source multi-modal sensor for capturing research-grade physiological signals from anywhere on the body. Measurement: Sensors 32 (2024) 101075.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_72_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measen.2024.101075"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tina Morgenstern Daniel Trommler Frederik Naujoks Ines Karl Josef\u00a0F Krems and Andreas Keinath. 2023. Comparing the sensitivity of the box task combined with the detection response task to the lane change test. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour 93 (2023) 159\u2013171.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_73_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2023.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_74_2","volume-title":"25th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","author":"Mousel Thierry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thierry Mousel and Alexander Treis. 2017. Hands Off Detection Requirements for UN R79 Regulated Lane Keeping Assist Systems. In 25th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_75_2","volume-title":"Visual-Manual NHTSA Driver Distraction Guidelines for In-Vehicle Electronic Devices","author":"Administration National Highway Traffic Safety","year":"2012","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2012. Visual-Manual NHTSA Driver Distraction Guidelines for In-Vehicle Electronic Devices. Tech Report. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_76_2","DOI":"10.1201\/b15703"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hans-Christoph Nothdurft. 2000. Salience from feature contrast: Variations with texture density. Vision research 40 23 (2000) 3181\u20133200.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_77_2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(00)00168-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_78_2","volume-title":"Effects of cognitive and visual load in real and simulated driving","author":"\u00d6stlund Joakim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Joakim \u00d6stlund, Lena Nilsson, Jan T\u00f6rnros, and \u00c5sa Forsman. 2006. Effects of cognitive and visual load in real and simulated driving. Statens v\u00e4g-och transportforskningsinstitut."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adrian\u00a0M Owen Kathryn\u00a0M McMillan Angela\u00a0R Laird and Ed Bullmore. 2005. N-back working memory paradigm: A meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies. Human brain mapping 25 1 (2005) 46\u201359.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_79_2","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20131"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julie Paxion Edith Galy and Catherine Berthelon. 2014. Mental workload and driving. Frontiers in psychology 5 (2014) 1344.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_80_2","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01344"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julie Paxion Edith Galy and Catherine Berthelon. 2015. Overload depending on driving experience and situation complexity: which strategies faced with a pedestrian crossing? Applied ergonomics 51 (2015) 343\u2013349.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_81_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.06.014"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephen\u00a0J Payne Geoffrey\u00a0B Duggan and Hansj\u00f6rg Neth. 2007. Discretionary task interleaving: heuristics for time allocation in cognitive foraging. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 136 3 (2007) 370.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_82_2","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.136.3.370"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthew\u00a0J Pitts Lee Skrypchuk Tom Wellings Alex Attridge and Mark\u00a0A Williams. 2012. Evaluating User Response to In-Car Haptic Feedback Touchscreens Using the Lane Change Test. Advances in Human-Computer Interaction 2012 1 (2012) 598739.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_83_2","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/598739"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_84_2","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Advances in psychology","author":"Reid Gary\u00a0B","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gary\u00a0B Reid and Thomas\u00a0E Nygren. 1988. The subjective workload assessment technique: A scaling procedure for measuring mental workload. In Advances in psychology. Vol.\u00a052. Elsevier, 185\u2013218."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryan Reimer. 2009. Impact of cognitive task complexity on drivers\u2019 visual tunneling. Transportation Research Record 2138 1 (2009) 13\u201319.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_85_2","DOI":"10.3141\/2138-03"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douglas\u00a0A Reynolds et\u00a0al. 2009. Gaussian mixture models. Encyclopedia of biometrics 741 659-663 (2009) 3.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_86_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-73003-5_196"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilseop Ryu and Rohae Myung. 2005. Evaluation of mental workload with a combined measure based on physiological indices during a dual task of tracking and mental arithmetic. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 35 11 (2005) 991\u20131009.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_87_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2005.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_88_2","first-page":"238","volume-title":"Human-Computer Interaction: Interaction Technologies: 17th International Conference, HCI International 2015, Los Angeles, CA, USA, August 2-7, 2015, Proceedings, Part II 17","author":"Scott\u00a0MacKenzie I","year":"2015","unstructured":"I Scott\u00a0MacKenzie. 2015. Fitts\u2019 throughput and the remarkable case of touch-based target selection. In Human-Computer Interaction: Interaction Technologies: 17th International Conference, HCI International 2015, Los Angeles, CA, USA, August 2-7, 2015, Proceedings, Part II 17. Springer, 238\u2013249."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hans Selye. 1936. A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature 138 3479 (1936) 32\u201332.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_89_2","DOI":"10.1038\/138032a0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornelia Setz Bert Arnrich Johannes Schumm Roberto La\u00a0Marca Gerhard Tr\u00f6ster and Ulrike Ehlert. 2009. Discriminating stress from cognitive load using a wearable EDA device. IEEE Transactions on information technology in biomedicine 14 2 (2009) 410\u2013417.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_90_2","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2009.2036164"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samuel\u00a0Sanford Shapiro and Martin\u00a0B Wilk. 1965. An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika 52 3-4 (1965) 591\u2013611.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_91_2","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/52.3-4.591"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00a0William Soukoreff and I\u00a0Scott MacKenzie. 2004. Towards a standard for pointing device evaluation perspectives on 27 years of Fitts\u2019 law research in HCI. International journal of human-computer studies 61 6 (2004) 751\u2013789.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_92_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2004.09.001"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anna Soveri Jan Antfolk Linda Karlsson Benny Salo and Matti Laine. 2017. Working memory training revisited: A multi-level meta-analysis of n-back training studies. Psychonomic bulletin & review 24 (2017) 1077\u20131096.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_93_2","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-016-1217-0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_94_2","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48762-X_94"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_95_2","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Psychology of learning and motivation","author":"Strayer David\u00a0L","year":"2011","unstructured":"David\u00a0L Strayer, Jason\u00a0M Watson, and Frank\u00a0A Drews. 2011. Cognitive distraction while multitasking in the automobile. In Psychology of learning and motivation. Vol.\u00a054. Elsevier, 29\u201358."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huimin Tang Boon\u00a0Giin Lee Dave Towey and Matthew Pike. 2024. The impact of various cockpit display interfaces on novice pilots\u2019 mental workload and situational awareness: a comparative study. Sensors 24 9 (2024) 2835.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_96_2","DOI":"10.3390\/s24092835"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrew\u00a0J Tattersall and Penelope\u00a0S Foord. 1996. An experimental evaluation of instantaneous self-assessment as a measure of workload. Ergonomics 39 5 (1996) 740\u2013748.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_97_2","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139608964495"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniel Trommler Tina Morgenstern Elisabeth\u00a0M W\u00f6gerbauer Frederik Naujoks Josef\u00a0F Krems and Andreas Keinath. 2021. The box task-a method for assessing in-vehicle system demand. MethodsX 8 (2021) 101261.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_98_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2021.101261"},{"unstructured":"Yi-Fang Tsai Erik Viirre Christopher Strychacz Bradley Chase and Tzyy-Ping Jung. 2007. Task performance and eye activity: predicting behavior relating to cognitive workload. Aviation space and environmental medicine 78 5 (2007) B176\u2013B185.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_99_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pamela\u00a0S Tsang and Velma\u00a0L Velazquez. 1996. Diagnosticity and multidimensional subjective workload ratings. Ergonomics 39 3 (1996) 358\u2013381.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_100_2","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139608964470"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pieter Vanneste Annelies Raes Jessica Morton Klaas Bombeke Bram\u00a0B Van\u00a0Acker Charlotte Larmuseau Fien Depaepe and Wim Van\u00a0den Noortgate. 2021. Towards measuring cognitive load through multimodal physiological data. Cognition Technology & Work 23 (2021) 567\u2013585.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_101_2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-020-00641-0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pauli Virtanen Ralf Gommers Travis\u00a0E. Oliphant Matt Haberland Tyler Reddy David Cournapeau Evgeni Burovski Pearu Peterson Warren Weckesser Jonathan Bright St\u00e9fan\u00a0J. van der Walt Matthew Brett Joshua Wilson K.\u00a0Jarrod Millman Nikolay Mayorov Andrew R.\u00a0J. Nelson Eric Jones Robert Kern Eric Larson C\u00a0J Carey \u0130lhan Polat Yu Feng Eric\u00a0W. Moore Jake VanderPlas Denis Laxalde Josef Perktold Robert Cimrman Ian Henriksen E.\u00a0A. Quintero Charles\u00a0R. Harris Anne\u00a0M. Archibald Ant\u00f4nio\u00a0H. Ribeiro Fabian Pedregosa Paul van Mulbregt and SciPy 1.0 Contributors. 2020. SciPy 1.0: Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python. Nature Methods 17 (2020) 261\u2013272. 10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","key":"e_1_3_3_1_102_2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rn\u00a0NS Vlaskamp and Ignace Th\u00a0C Hooge. 2006. Crowding degrades saccadic search performance. Vision research 46 3 (2006) 417\u2013425.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_103_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.04.006"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikolai von Janczewski Jennifer Wittmann Arnd Engeln Martin Baumann and Lutz Krau\u00df. 2021. A meta-analysis of the n-back task while driving and its effects on cognitive workload. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour 76 (2021) 269\u2013285.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_104_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2020.11.014"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott Watter Gina\u00a0M Geffen and Laurie\u00a0B Geffen. 2001. The n-back as a dual-task: P300 morphology under divided attention. Psychophysiology 38 6 (2001) 998\u20131003.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_105_2","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3860998"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alan\u00a0Traviss Welford. 1960. THE MEASUREMENT OF SENSORY-MOTOR PERFORMANCE: SURVEY AND REAPPRAISAL OF TWELVE YEARS\u2019PROGRESS. Ergonomics 3 3 (1960) 189\u2013230.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_106_2","DOI":"10.1080\/00140136008930484"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_107_2","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003181064"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christopher\u00a0D Wickens and C\u00a0Melody Carswell. 2021. Information processing. Handbook of human factors and ergonomics (2021) 114\u2013158.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_108_2","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119636113.ch5"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_109_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4380-9_16"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marc Wittmann Mikl\u00f3s Kiss Peter Gugg Alexander Steffen Martina Fink Ernst P\u00f6ppel and Hiroyuki Kamiya. 2006. Effects of display position of a visual in-vehicle task on simulated driving. Applied ergonomics 37 2 (2006) 187\u2013199.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_110_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2005.06.002"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_1_111_2","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979181"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sol\u00a0Hee Yoon Ji\u00a0Hyoun Lim and Yong\u00a0Gu Ji. 2015. Perceived visual complexity and visual search performance of automotive instrument cluster: A quantitative measurement study. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 31 12 (2015) 890\u2013900.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_112_2","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2015.1069661"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shumin Zhai Jing Kong and Xiangshi Ren. 2004. Speed\u2013accuracy tradeoff in Fitts\u2019 law tasks\u2014on the equivalency of actual and nominal pointing precision. International journal of human-computer studies 61 6 (2004) 823\u2013856.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_113_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2004.09.007"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huiming Zhang Yingshi Guo Wei Yuan and Kunchen Li. 2023. On the importance of working memory in the driving safety field: a systematic review. Accident Analysis & Prevention 187 (2023) 107071.","key":"e_1_3_3_1_114_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107071"}],"event":{"sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction","SIGGRAPH ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques"],"acronym":"UIST '25","name":"UIST '25: The 38th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","location":"Busan Republic of Korea"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 38th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3746059.3747683","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T22:09:33Z","timestamp":1759010973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3746059.3747683"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]},"references-count":113,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3746059.3747683","10.1145\/3746059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3746059.3747683","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}