{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T12:07:19Z","timestamp":1778760439536,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":35,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3746467.3801509","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T11:06:32Z","timestamp":1778756792000},"page":"199-204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Requirements Classification Using Fine-Tuned Transformer Models: A Comparative Study of BERT, RoBERTa, and GPT-4o"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9528-2788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Poonkuzhali","family":"Vasudevan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1000-7524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandeep","family":"Reddivari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4314-8059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjay","family":"Ahuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5566-2368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RE54965.2022.00046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2021.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2023.107202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswax.2019.100001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"G Boetticher. 2007. The PROMISE Repository of Empirical Software Engineering Data. http:\/\/promisedata.org\/repository (2007)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jane Cleland-Huang Sepideh Mazrouee Huang Liguo and Dan Port. 2017. NFR. 10.5281\/zenodo.268542","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.268542"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3412841.3442006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"BERT: Pre-Training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin. 2018. BERT: Pre-Training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"LSTM, and ChatGPT. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.11547","author":"El-Hajjami Abdelkarim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdelkarim El-Hajjami, Nicolas Fafin, and Camille Salinesi. 2023. Which AI Technique is Better to Classify Requirements? An Experiment with SVM, LSTM, and ChatGPT. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.11547 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Giorgio Oronzo Spagnolo, and Stefania Gnesi","author":"Ferrari Alessio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alessio Ferrari, Giorgio Oronzo Spagnolo, and Stefania Gnesi. 2017. Pure: A Dataset of Public Requirements Documents. In 2017 IEEE 25th international requirements engineering conference (RE). IEEE, Lisbon, Portugal, 502\u2013505."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/REW53955.2021.00072"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"NoRBERT: Transfer Learning for Requirements Classification. In 2020 IEEE 28th international requirements engineering conference (RE)","author":"Hey Tobias","unstructured":"Tobias Hey, Jan Keim, Anne Koziolek, and Walter F Tichy. 2020. NoRBERT: Transfer Learning for Requirements Classification. In 2020 IEEE 28th international requirements engineering conference (RE). IEEE, Zurich, Switzerland, 169\u2013179."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2023.01.234"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2023.108699"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10667-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Automatically Classifying Functional and Non-Functional Requirements Using Supervised Machine Learning. In 2017 IEEE 25th international requirements engineering conference (RE)","author":"Kurtanovi\u0107 Zijad","unstructured":"Zijad Kurtanovi\u0107 and Walid Maalej. 2017. Automatically Classifying Functional and Non-Functional Requirements Using Supervised Machine Learning. In 2017 IEEE 25th international requirements engineering conference (RE). IEEE, Lisbon, Portugal, 490\u2013495."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Software Requirements Engineering: State-of-the-Art. In 2022 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration for Data Science (IRI). IEEE","author":"Liu Kaihua","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaihua Liu, Sandeep Reddivari, and Kalyan Reddivari. 2022. Artificial Intelligence in Software Requirements Engineering: State-of-the-Art. In 2022 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration for Data Science (IRI). IEEE, San Diego, CA, USA, 106\u2013111."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Roberta: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11692 364","author":"Liu Yinhan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yinhan Liu. 2019. Roberta: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11692 364 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Improving Requirements Completeness: Automated Assistance through Large Language Models. Requirements Engineering","author":"Luitel Dipeeka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dipeeka Luitel, Shabnam Hassani, and Mehrdad Sabetzadeh. 2024. Improving Requirements Completeness: Automated Assistance through Large Language Models. Requirements Engineering (2024), 1\u201323."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3551349.3560417"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Noah Constant, Ji Ma, Keith B Hall, Daniel Cer, and Yinfei Yang.","author":"Ni Jianmo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jianmo Ni, Gustavo Hernandez Abrego, Noah Constant, Ji Ma, Keith B Hall, Daniel Cer, and Yinfei Yang. 2021. Sentence-t5: Scalable Sentence Encoders from Pre-trained Text-to-Text Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2108.08877 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2024. Fine-Tuning Guide. https:\/\/platform.openai.com\/docs\/guides\/fine-tuning."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2024. Hello GPT-4o. https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/hello-gpt-4o\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO58975.2024.10521022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Visual Requirements Analytics: A Framework and Case Study. Requirements engineering 19","author":"Reddivari Sandeep","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sandeep Reddivari, Shirin Rad, Tanmay Bhowmik, Nisreen Cain, and Nan Niu. 2014. Visual Requirements Analytics: A Framework and Case Study. Requirements engineering 19 (2014), 257\u2013279."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/REW57809.2023.00035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Faster, Cheaper and Lighter. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.01108","author":"Sanh Victor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Victor Sanh, Lysandre Debut, Julien Chaumond, and Thomas Wolf. 2019. Distil-BERT, a Distilled Version of BERT: Smaller, Faster, Cheaper and Lighter. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.01108 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Automatic Multi-Class Non-Functional Software Requirements Classification Using Machine Learning Algorithms. In 2024 International Research Conference on Smart Computing and Systems Engineering (SCSE)","volume":"7","author":"Saroth M. A. F.","year":"2024","unstructured":"M. A. F. Saroth, P. M. A. K. Wijerathne, and B. T. G. S. Kumara. 2024. Automatic Multi-Class Non-Functional Software Requirements Classification Using Machine Learning Algorithms. In 2024 International Research Conference on Smart Computing and Systems Engineering (SCSE), Vol. 7. Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Classification of Functional and Nonfunctional Requirements Based on Convolutional Neural Network With Flower Pollination Optimizer. Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering","author":"Sonawane Sonal N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sonal N Sonawane and Shubha M Puthran. 2024. Classification of Functional and Nonfunctional Requirements Based on Convolutional Neural Network With Flower Pollination Optimizer. Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering (2024), 1\u201325."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3317798"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems 30","author":"Vaswani Ashish","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, \u0141ukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention Is All You Need. Advances in neural information processing systems 30 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Enhancing Requirements Elicitation Through App Stores Mining: Health Monitoring App Case Study. In 2023 IEEE 31st International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE). IEEE","author":"Wei Jialiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jialiang Wei. 2023. Enhancing Requirements Elicitation Through App Stores Mining: Health Monitoring App Case Study. In 2023 IEEE 31st International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE). IEEE, Hannover, Germany, 396\u2013400."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-demos.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app132011127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Automatic Detection Method for Software Requirements Text with Language Processing Model. In 2023 6th International Conference on Software Engineering and Computer Science (CSECS). IEEE","author":"Zhang Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Zhang, Liubo Ouyang, and Jiahao Qin. 2023. Automatic Detection Method for Software Requirements Text with Language Processing Model. In 2023 6th International Conference on Software Engineering and Computer Science (CSECS). IEEE, Chengdu, China, 01\u201305."}],"event":{"name":"ACMSE 2026: 2026 ACM Southeast Conference","location":"Troy University Troy AL USA","acronym":"ACMSE 2026"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2026 ACM Southeast Conference"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3746467.3801509","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T11:08:13Z","timestamp":1778756893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3746467.3801509"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3746467.3801509","10.1145\/3746467"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3746467.3801509","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}