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Refactoring engines are integral components of modern Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) and can automate or semi-automate this process to enhance code readability, reduce complexity, and improve the maintainability of software products. Like traditional software systems, refactoring engines can generate incorrect refactored programs, resulting in unexpected behaviors. In this article, we present the first systematic study of refactoring engine bugs by analyzing bugs arising in three popular refactoring engines (i.e.,\n                    <jats:sc>Eclipse<\/jats:sc>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:sc>IntelliJ IDEA<\/jats:sc>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:sc>Netbeans<\/jats:sc>\n                    ). We analyzed these bugs according to their refactoring types, symptoms, root causes, and triggering conditions. We obtained 12 findings and provided a series of valuable guidelines for future work on refactoring bug detection and debugging. Furthermore, our transferability study revealed 134 new bugs in the latest version of those refactoring engines. Among the 22 bugs we submitted, 11 bugs are confirmed by their developers, and 7 of them have already been fixed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3747289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T09:12:37Z","timestamp":1751620357000},"page":"1-55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Towards Understanding Refactoring Engine Bugs"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2907-3648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haibo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Software Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2869-6373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuolin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6498-5062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huaien","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2508-3845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Tsantalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Software Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8633-3372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shin Hwei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Software Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11334-021-00422-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Workshop of Smalltalk Technologies (IWST \u201922). 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