{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T17:16:59Z","timestamp":1770743819535,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":65,"publisher":"ACM","funder":[{"name":"European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["945175 (Project: CARDIOCARE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["945175 (Project: CARDIOCARE)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3747327.3764788","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:04:34Z","timestamp":1760191474000},"page":"117-126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tiny-BioMoE: a Lightweight Embedding Model for Biosignal Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4123-1302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanos","family":"Gkikas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0711-5108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kyprakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8454-1450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manolis","family":"Tsiknakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sumair Aziz Calvin Joseph Niraj Hirachan Luke Murtagh Girija Chetty Roland Goecke and Raul Fernandez-Rojas. 2025. A two-stage architecture for identifying and locating the source of pain using novel multi-domain binary patterns of EDA. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 104 (2025) 107454. 10.1016\/j.bspc.2024.107454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2024.107454"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aleksandra Badura Aleksandra Mas\u0142owska Andrzej My\u015bliwiec and Ewa Pietka. 2021. Multimodal Signal Analysis for Pain Recognition in Physiotherapy Using Wavelet Scattering Transform. Sensors 21 4 (2021). 10.3390\/s21041311","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041311"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeong\u00a0Hak Bang Yoon\u00a0Ho Choi Mincheol Park Soo-Yong Shin and Seok\u00a0Jin Kim. 2023. Clinical relevance of deep learning models in predicting the onset timing of cancer pain exacerbation. Scientific Reports 13 1 (2023) 11501.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37742-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghazal Bargshady Sumair Aziz Stefanos Gkikas Manolis Tsiknakis Roland Goecke and Raul Fernandez\u00a0Rojas. 2025. Pain Assessment Using Multi-Kernel-FCN-LSTM and Haemoglobin Difference in fNIRS. ACM Trans. Comput. Healthcare (2025). 10.1145\/3757931","DOI":"10.1145\/3757931"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC53108.2024.10781616"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramsin Benyamin Andrea\u00a0M Trescot Sukdeb Datta Ricardo\u00a0M Buenaventura Rajive Adlaka Nalini Sehgal Scott\u00a0E Glaser and Ricardo Vallejo. 2008. Opioid complications and side effects. Pain physician 11 2S (2008) S105.","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2008\/11\/S105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"Weilin Cai Juyong Jiang Fan Wang Jing Tang Sunghun Kim and Jiayi Huang. 2025. A survey on mixture of experts in large language models. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yaqi Chu Xingang Zhao Jianda Han and Yang Su. 2017. Physiological Signal-Based Method for Measurement of Pain Intensity. Frontiers in Neuroscience Volume 11 - 2017 (2017). 10.3389\/fnins.2017.00279","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00279"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jaleh Farmani Ghazal Bargshady Stefanos Gkikas Manolis Tsiknakis and Raul Fernandez\u00a0Rojas. 2025. A CrossMod-Transformer deep learning framework for multi-modal pain detection through EDA and ECG fusion. Scientific Reports 15 1 (2025) 29467. 10.1038\/s41598-025-14238-y","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-14238-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-96-6960-8_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raul Fernandez\u00a0Rojas Nicholas Brown Gordon Waddington and Roland Goecke. 2023. A systematic review of neurophysiological sensing for the assessment of acute pain. NPJ Digital Medicine 6 1 (2023) 76. 10.1038\/s41746-023-00810-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00810-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raul Fernandez\u00a0Rojas Niraj Hirachan Nicholas Brown Gordon Waddington Luke Murtagh Ben Seymour and Roland Goecke. 2023. Multimodal physiological sensing for the assessment of acute pain. Frontiers in Pain Research 4 (2023). 10.3389\/fpain.2023.1150264","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2023.1150264"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACIIW63320.2024.00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3747327.3764791"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raul Fernandez\u00a0Rojas Calvin Joseph Ghazal Bargshady and Keng-Liang Ou. 2024. Empirical comparison of deep learning models for fNIRS pain decoding. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics (2024). 10.3389\/fninf.2024.1320189","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2024.1320189"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raul Fernandez\u00a0Rojas Mingyu Liao Julio Romero Xu Huang and Keng-Liang Ou. 2019. Cortical Network Response to Acupuncture and the Effect of the Hegu Point: An fNIRS Study. Sensors 19 2 (2019). 10.3390\/s19020394","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020394"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Judith\u00a0M. Ford Vanessa\u00a0A. Palzes Brian\u00a0J. Roach and Daniel\u00a0H. Mathalon. 2013. Did I Do That? Abnormal Predictive Processes in Schizophrenia When Button Pressing to Deliver a Tone. Schizophrenia Bulletin 40 4 (07 2013) 804\u2013812. 10.1093\/schbul\/sbt072","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt072"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.445"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_20_2","unstructured":"Stefanos Gkikas. 2025. A Pain Assessment Framework based on multimodal data and Deep Machine Learning methods. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2505.05396\u00a0[cs.AI] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.05396 arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2505.05396."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stefanos Gkikas. Chariklia Chatzaki. Elisavet Pavlidou. Foteini Verigou. Kyriakos Kalkanis. and Manolis Tsiknakis.2022. Automatic Pain Intensity Estimation based on Electrocardiogram and Demographic Factors. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health - ICT4AWE 155\u2013162. 10.5220\/0010971700003188","DOI":"10.5220\/0010971700003188"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-37496-817"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefanos Gkikas Ioannis Kyprakis and Manolis Tsiknakis. 2025. Efficient Pain Recognition via Respiration Signals: A Single Cross-Attention Transformer Multi-Window Fusion Pipeline. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2507.21886\u00a0[cs.AI]","DOI":"10.1145\/3747327.3764782"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefanos Gkikas Ioannis Kyprakis and Manolis Tsiknakis. 2025. Multi-Representation Diagrams for Pain Recognition: Integrating Various Electrodermal Activity Signals into a Single Image. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2507.21881\u00a0[cs.AI]","DOI":"10.1145\/3747327.3764793"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_25_2","unstructured":"Stefanos Gkikas Raul\u00a0Fernandez Rojas and Manolis Tsiknakis. 2025. PainFormer: a Vision Foundation Model for Automatic Pain Assessment. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2505.01571\u00a0[cs.CV] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.01571"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stefanos Gkikas Nikolaos\u00a0S. Tachos Stelios Andreadis Vasileios\u00a0C. Pezoulas Dimitrios Zaridis George Gkois Anastasia Matonaki Thanos\u00a0G. Stavropoulos and Dimitrios\u00a0I. Fotiadis. 2024. Multimodal automatic assessment of acute pain through facial videos and heart rate signals utilizing transformer-based architectures. Frontiers in Pain Research 5 (2024). 10.3389\/fpain.2024.1372814","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2024.1372814"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stefanos Gkikas and Manolis Tsiknakis. 2023. Automatic assessment of pain based on deep learning methods: A systematic review. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 231 (2023) 107365. 10.1016\/j.cmpb.2023.107365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2023.107365"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC40787.2023.10340872"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACIIW63320.2024.00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACIIW63320.2024.00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noemi Gozzi Greta Preatoni Federico Ciotti Mich\u00e8le Hubli Petra Schweinhardt Armin Curt and Stanisa Raspopovic. 2024. Unraveling the physiological and psychosocial signatures of pain by machine learning. Med 5 12 (2024) 1495\u20131509.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Keela Herr Patrick\u00a0J. Coyne Tonya Key Renee Manworren Margo McCaffery Sandra Merkel Jane Pelosi-Kelly and Lori Wild. 2006. Pain Assessment in the Nonverbal Patient: Position Statement with Clinical Practice Recommendations. Pain Management Nursing 7 2 (2006) 44\u201352. 10.1016\/j.pmn.2006.02.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2006.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dong Huang Xiaoyi Feng Haixi Zhang Zitong Yu Jinye Peng Guoying Zhao and Zhaoqiang Xia. 2022. Spatio-Temporal Pain Estimation Network With Measuring Pseudo Heart Rate Gain. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 24 (2022) 3300\u20133313. 10.1109\/TMM.2021.3096080","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2021.3096080"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3555776.3577721"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mingzhe Jiang Yufei Li Jiangshan He Yuqiang Yang Hui Xie and Xueli Chen. 2024. Physiological Time-series Fusion with Hybrid Attention for Adaptive Recognition of Pain. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics (2024) 1\u20139. 10.1109\/JBHI.2024.3456441","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2024.3456441"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mingzhe Jiang Riitta Rosio Sanna Salanter\u00e4 Amir\u00a0M. Rahmani Pasi Liljeberg Daniel\u00a0S. da Silva Victor Hugo\u00a0C. de Albuquerque and Wanqing Wu. 2024. Personalized and adaptive neural networks for pain detection from multi-modal physiological features. Expert Systems with Applications 235 (2024) 121082. 10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121082"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucille\u00a0A Joel. 1999. The fifth vital sign: pain. AJN The American Journal of Nursing 99 2 (1999) 9.","DOI":"10.1097\/00000446-199902000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHI.2018.00092"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joanna\u00a0G Katzman and Rollin\u00a0Mac Gallagher. 2024. Pain: The Silent Public Health Epidemic. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 15 (2024) 21501319241253547.","DOI":"10.1177\/21501319241253547"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alan\u00a0David Kaye Mark\u00a0R Jones Adam\u00a0M Kaye Juan\u00a0G Ripoll Vincent Galan Burton\u00a0D Beakley Francisco Calixto Jamie\u00a0L Bolden Richard\u00a0D Urman and Laxmaiah Manchikanti. 2017. Prescription opioid abuse in chronic pain: an updated review of opioid abuse predictors and strategies to curb opioid abuse: part 1. Pain physician 20 2 (2017) S93.","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2017.s109"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Muhammad\u00a0Umar Khan Sumair Aziz Luke Murtagh Girija Chetty Roland Goecke and Raul Fernandez Rojas. 2025. Empirically Transformed Energy Patterns: A novel approach for capturing fNIRS signal dynamics in pain assessment. Computers in Biology and Medicine 192 (2025) 110300. 10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110300"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Muhammad\u00a0Umar Khan Girija Chetty Roland Goecke and Raul Fernandez-Rojas. 2025. A Systematic Review of Multimodal Signal Fusion for Acute Pain Assessment Systems. ACM Comput. Surv. (2025). 10.1145\/3737281","DOI":"10.1145\/3737281"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Muhammad\u00a0Umar Khan Maryam Sousani Niraj Hirachan Calvin Joseph Maryam Ghahramani Girija Chetty Roland Goecke and Raul Fernandez-Rojas. 2024. Multilevel Pain Assessment with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Evaluating \u0394 HBO2 and \u0394 HHB Measures for Comprehensive Analysis. Sensors 24 2 (2024). 10.3390\/s24020458","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020458"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Youngsun Kong and Ki\u00a0H. Chon. 2024. Electrodermal activity in pain assessment and its clinical applications. Applied Physics Reviews 11 3 (08 2024) 031316. 10.1063\/5.0200395","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0200395"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3704198.3704212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhenyuan Lu Burcu Ozek and Sagar Kamarthi. 2023. Transformer encoder with multiscale deep learning for pain classification using physiological signals. Frontiers in Physiology 14 (2023). 10.3389\/fphys.2023.1294577","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1294577"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-56541-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DA Meehan ME McRae DA Rourke C Eisenring and FA Imperial. 1995. Analgesic administration pain intensity and patient satisfaction in cardiac surgical patients. American Journal of Critical Care 4 6 (1995) 435\u2013442.","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc1995.4.6.435"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_49_2","unstructured":"Minh-Duc Nguyen Hyung-Jeong Yang Soo-Hyung Kim Ji-Eun Shin and Seung-Won Kim. 2024. Transformer with Leveraged Masked Autoencoder for video-based Pain Assessment. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2409.05088\u00a0[cs.CV]"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_50_2","unstructured":"Manisha\u00a0S. Patil and Hitendra\u00a0D. Patil. 2024. Ensemble Neural Networks for Multimodal Acute Pain Intensity Evaluation using Video and Physiological Signals. Journal of Computational Analysis and Applications (JoCAAA) 33 05 (Sep. 2024) 779\u2013791."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0013426800003938"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim\u00a0Ngan Phan Ngumimi\u00a0Karen Iyortsuun Sudarshan Pant Hyung-Jeong Yang and Soo-Hyung Kim. 2023. Pain Recognition With Physiological Signals Using Multi-Level Context Information. IEEE Access 11 (2023) 20114\u201320127. 10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3248654","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3248654"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACIIW63320.2024.00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kathleen\u00a0A. Puntillo Daphne Stannard Christine Miaskowski Karen Kehrle and Sheila Gleeson. 2002. Use of a pain assessment and intervention notation (P.A.I.N.) tool in critical care nursing practice: Nurses\u2019 evaluations. Heart & Lung 31 4 (2002) 303\u2013314. 10.1067\/mhl.2002.125652","DOI":"10.1067\/mhl.2002.125652"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_55_2","unstructured":"Carlos Riquelme Joan Puigcerver Basil Mustafa Maxim Neumann Rodolphe Jenatton Andr\u00e9 Susano\u00a0Pinto Daniel Keysers and Neil Houlsby. 2021. Scaling vision with sparse mixture of experts. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 34 (2021) 8583\u20138595."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raul\u00a0Fernandez Rojas Xu Huang and Keng-Liang Ou. 2016. Region of Interest Detection and Evaluation in Functional near Infrared Spectroscopy. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 24 4 (2016) 317\u2013326. 10.1255\/jnirs.1239","DOI":"10.1255\/jnirs.1239"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NER49283.2021.9441384"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_58_2","unstructured":"Riccardo Sabbadini Giulia Di\u00a0Tomaso Massimiliano Carassiti and Giuseppe\u00a0Francesco Italiano. 2024. The need of raw physiological data for more comprehensive pain studies. AI & SOCIETY (2024) 1\u20138."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroInd4.0IoT48571.2020.9138230"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vivian Santiago. 2022. Painful Truth: The Need to Re-Center Chronic Pain on the Functional Role of Pain. Journal of Pain Research 15 (2022) 497\u2013512. 10.2147\/JPR.S347780","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S347780"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argyrios Stampas Claudia Pedroza Jennifer\u00a0N Bush Adam\u00a0R Ferguson John L\u00a0Kipling Kramer and Michelle Hook. 2020. The first 24 h: opioid administration in people with spinal cord injury and neurologic recovery. Spinal Cord 58 10 (2020) 1080\u20131089.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-020-0483-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marie-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Tessier Jean-Philippe Mazet Elliot Gagner Audrey Marcoux and Philip\u00a0L Jackson. 2024. Facial representations of complex affective states combining pain and a negative emotion. Scientific Reports 14 1 (2024) 11686.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62423-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patrick Thiam Peter Bellmann Hans\u00a0A. Kestler and Friedhelm Schwenker. 2019. Exploring deep physiological models for nociceptive pain recognition. Sensors 19 (10 2019) 4503. Issue 20. 10.3390\/s19204503","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204503"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jo Vianto Anjitha Divakaran Hyungjeong Yang Soonja Yeom Seungwon Kim Soohyung Kim and Jieun Shin. 2025. Multimodal Model for Automated Pain Assessment: Leveraging Video and fNIRS. Applied Sciences 15 9 (2025). 10.3390\/app15095151","DOI":"10.3390\/app15095151"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2014.784"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITAIC.2019.8785727"}],"event":{"name":"ICMI Companion '25: Companion Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","location":"Canberra Australia","acronym":"ICMI Companion '25","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Companion Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3747327.3764788","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T21:08:16Z","timestamp":1765919296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3747327.3764788"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3747327.3764788","10.1145\/3747327"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3747327.3764788","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}