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Internet Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In End-Edge-Cloud (EEC) computing environments, the diversity of devices often requires cloud-trained models to be adapted for end\/edge devices, complicating decentralized project management. To address this, end\/edge devices are increasingly using local model sharing instead of traditional cloud solutions. Popular platforms like GitHub and DockerHub lack the necessary data authenticity and security for high-stakes applications. While blockchain can ensure secure data sharing, permissioned blockchains struggle with the dynamic nature of EEC devices. To solve this, we propose BlockEdge, a hybrid blockchain architecture combining a permissioned blockchain with Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) for cloud-based data management and a permissionless blockchain with Proof of Work (PoW) for decentralized model sharing at the end\/edge. We enhance the PoW process with a dynamic mining algorithm and a lazy-loading Merkle tree structure, improving energy efficiency and computational performance. Experimental results show that BlockEdge reduces energy consumption by over 50% and cuts data update time by 91.73%, effectively addressing the energy and time inefficiencies of mainstream consensus mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3747349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T14:56:01Z","timestamp":1752072961000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["BlockEdge: A Hybrid Blockchain Framework for Secure and Efficient Collaboration in EEC Environments"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3761-843X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wangbo","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South China University of Technology School of Computer Science and Engineering","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6876-1795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiwei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Pengcheng Laboratory","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4557-1865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiansheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology School of Computer Science","place":["Atlanta, United States"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4337-3216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong Department of Computer Science and Engineering","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7917-5652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mian","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the School of Electronics and Information, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0626-6949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haijie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China University of Technology School of Computer Science and Engineering","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10212689"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSR52588.2021.00018"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12065-023-00822-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3138353"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3190508.3190538"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","unstructured":"Arati Baliga I. 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