{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:44:27Z","timestamp":1760057067403,"version":"build-2065373602"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":32,"publisher":"ACM","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3748496.3748987","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T13:21:07Z","timestamp":1755696067000},"page":"44-50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lost in Encryption: Monitoring Audio and Video Flows without Payload in Video-Conferencing Applications"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4554-8291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien","family":"Gamba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cisco ThousandEyes, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8828-6629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre Felipe","family":"Zanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telef\u00f3nica Innovati\u00f3n Digital, Spain and Cisco ThousandEyes"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5162-3019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Morla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cisco ThousandEyes, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4268-4813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle","family":"Schomp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cisco ThousandEyes, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6658-1800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Feal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cisco ThousandEyes, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8066-3602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arash Molavi","family":"Kakhki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cisco ThousandEyes, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"S. Baset A and H. Schulzrinne. 2004. An analysis of the skype peer-to-peer internet telephony protocol. arXiv preprint cs\/0412017."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC8825"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Alvestrand. 2021. Transports for WebRTC (RFC 8835).","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC8835"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume":"202","author":"Carofiglio G.","unstructured":"G. Carofiglio, G. Grassi, E. Loparco, L. Muscariello, M. Papalini, and J. Samain. 2021. Characterizing the relationship between application QoE and network QoS for real-time services. In ACM SIGCOMM workshop on network-application integration.","journal-title":"J. Samain."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"E. Carrara K. Norrman D. McGrew M. Naslund and M. Baugher. 2004. The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) (RFC 3711)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Crotti M. Dusi F. Gringoli and L. Salgarelli. 2007. Traffic classification through simple statistical fingerprinting. SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review.","DOI":"10.1145\/1198255.1198257"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Egevang and P. Francis. 1994. The IP Network Address Translator (NAT) (RFC 1631).","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc1631"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Egevang and P. Srisuresh. 2001. Traditional IP Network Address Translator (Traditional NAT) (RFC 3022).","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc3022"},{"volume-title":"SIGCOMM workshop on Mining network data.","author":"Erman J.","key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"J. Erman, M. Arlitt, and A. Mahanti. 2006. Traffic classification using clustering algorithms. In SIGCOMM workshop on Mining network data."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"S. Guha and N. Daswani. 2005. An experimental study of the skype peer-to-peer voip system. Technical Report. Cornell University."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"C. Jennings J. Uberti and S. Garcia Murillo. 2023. Completely Encrypting RTP Header Extensions and Contributing Sources (RFC 9335)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.Jesup S.Loreto and M. T\u00fcxen. 2021. WebRTC Data Channels (RFC 8831).","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC8831"},{"volume-title":"Network Anatomy and Real-Time Measurement of Nvidia GeForce NOW Cloud Gaming. In International Conference on Passive and Active Network Measurement.","author":"Lyu M.","key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"M. Lyu, S. Madanapalli Chandra, A. Vishwanath, and V. Sivaraman. 2024. Network Anatomy and Real-Time Measurement of Nvidia GeForce NOW Cloud Gaming. In International Conference on Passive and Active Network Measurement."},{"volume-title":"Internet Measurement Conference.","author":"MacMillan K.","key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"K. MacMillan, T. Mangla, J. Saxon, and N. Feamster. 2021. Measuring the performance and network utilization of popular video conferencing applications. In Internet Measurement Conference."},{"volume-title":"International Conference on Passive and Active Network Measurement.","author":"Maier G.","key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"G. Maier, F. Schneider, and A. Feldmann. 2011. NAT usage in residential broadband networks. In International Conference on Passive and Active Network Measurement."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume":"202","author":"Marczak B.","unstructured":"B. Marczak and J. Scott-Railton. 2020. Move Fast and Roll Your Own Crypto: A Quick Look at the Confidentiality. Technical Report. The Citizen Lab.","journal-title":"J. Scott-Railton."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Matthews J. Rosenberg D. Wing and R. Mahy. 2008. Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) (RFC 5389).","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc5389"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume":"202","author":"Michel O.","unstructured":"O. Michel, S. Sengupta, H. Kim, R. Netravali, and J. Rexford. 2022. Enabling passive measurement of zoom performance in production networks. In ACM Internet Measurement Conference.","journal-title":"J. Rexford."},{"volume-title":"ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on QoE-based Analysis and Management of Data Communication Networks.","author":"Nikravesh A.","key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"A. Nikravesh, D. Hong Ke, Q. Chen Alfred, H. Madhyastha, and Z. Mao Morley. 2016. QoE inference without application control. In ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on QoE-based Analysis and Management of Data Communication Networks."},{"volume-title":"IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia.","author":"Nistic\u00f3 A.","key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"A. Nistic\u00f3, D. Markudova, M. Trevisan, M. Meo, and G. Carofiglio. 2020. A comparative study of RTC applications. In IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume":"202","author":"Perkins C.","unstructured":"C. Perkins, M. Westerlund, and J. Ott. 2021. Media Transport and Use of RTP in WebRTC (RFC 8834).","journal-title":"J. Ott."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Perna D. Markudova M. Trevisan P. Garza M. Meo M. Munaf\u00f2 and G. Caroiglio. 2022. Real-time classification of real-time communications. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2022.3189628"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume":"202","author":"Reddy T.","unstructured":"T. Reddy, A. Johnston, P. Matthews, and J. Rosenberg. 2020. Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN): Relay Extensions to Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) (RFC 8656).","journal-title":"J. Rosenberg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Richter M. Allman R. Bush and V. Paxson. 2015. A primer on IPv4 scarcity. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review.","DOI":"10.1145\/2766330.2766335"},{"volume-title":"ACM Internet Measurement Conference.","author":"Richter P.","key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"P. Richter, F. Wohlfart, N. Vallina-Rodriguez, M. Allman, R. Bush, A. Feldmann, C. Kreibich, N. Weaver, and V. Paxson. 2016. A multi-perspective analysis of carrier-grade NAT deployment. In ACM Internet Measurement Conference."},{"volume-title":"International Conference on Electronics, Computer and Computation.","author":"A.","key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"A. Buyukkayhan S., A. Kavak, and E. Yaprak. 2013. Differentiating voice and data traffic using statistical properties. In International Conference on Electronics, Computer and Computation."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications (RFC","author":"Schulzrinne H.","year":"1996","unstructured":"H. Schulzrinne, S. Casner, R. Frederick, and V. Jacobson. 1996. RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications (RFC 1889)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC3550"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM on Internet Measurement Conference.","author":"Sharma T.","key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"T. Sharma, T. Mangla, A. Gupta, J. Jiang, and N. Feamster. 2023. Estimating WebRTC Video QoE Metrics Without Using Application Headers. In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM on Internet Measurement Conference."},{"volume-title":"International workshop on passive and active network measurement.","author":"Papagiannaki A.","key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"A. Moore W and K. Papagiannaki. 2005. Toward the accurate identification of network applications. In International workshop on passive and active network measurement."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Yu Y. Xu B. Liu and Y. Liu. 2014. \"Can you SEE me now?\" A measurement study of mobile video calls. In IEEE INFOCOM.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2014.6848080"},{"volume-title":"PAM Student Workshop.","author":"Zhang M.","key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"M. Zhang, W. John, K. Claffy, and N. Brownlee. 2009. State of the art in traffic classification: A research review. In PAM Student Workshop."}],"event":{"name":"SIGCOMM '25: ACM SIGCOMM 2025 Conference","sponsor":["SIGCOMM ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication"],"location":"Coimbra Portugal","acronym":"SIGCOMM '25"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Next-Generation Network Observability"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3748496.3748987","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T14:11:30Z","timestamp":1760019090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3748496.3748987"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3748496.3748987","10.1145\/3748496"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3748496.3748987","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}