{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:02:24Z","timestamp":1776106944675,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Insufficient physical activity is a major challenge in our aging society. Although exergames can provide enjoyable exercise opportunities for older adults, it remains unclear which display technology is best suited to reach this goal. This paper compares two popular exergame technologies with different immersion levels: (i) a virtual reality head-mounted display (VR-HMD) and (ii) the ExerCube, a commercial projection-based system. We conducted a within-participants study (\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n            =34) with older adults to evaluate player experience, presence, cybersickness, game performance, and physical exertion. Both display types provided a comparably high player experience and physical exertion that can benefit older adults\u2019 physical well-being. The VR-HMD offered superior presence, while the ExerCube led to higher performance and physical activity. Our findings advance the understanding of how different exergame technologies affect older adults\u2019 experiences. We present research and design implications to guide the future development of age-appropriate exergames.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3748603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T21:01:11Z","timestamp":1759698071000},"page":"229-252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["ExerCube vs. Virtual Reality: A Comparative Study of Exergame Technologies for Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9624-4258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sukran","family":"Karaosmanoglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4555-6187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Cmentowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4290-8829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lennart E.","family":"Nacke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9879-7414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Steinicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3470743"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.102370"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00102"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VS-Games.2019.8864579"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581203"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/capr.12360"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-023-00987-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111035"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Victoria Clarke and Virginia Braun. 2022. Thematic analysis: A practical guide. Thematic Analysis 1\u2013100.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69909-7_3470-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580973"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"Designing and conducting mixed methods research","author":"Creswell John W","unstructured":"John W Creswell and Vicki L Plano Clark. 2017. Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage publications, Thousand Oaks, California, United States."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/166117.166134"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","volume-title":"DeepL Pro version","author":"Translator L SE.","unstructured":"DeepL SE. 2017. DeepL Translator. DeepL Pro version. Cologne, Germany. https:\/\/www.deepl.com\/pro?cta=header-pro\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","unstructured":"Kristen K. Dergousoff Regan L. Mandryk and Kathrin Gerling. 2013. Is movement better? Comparing sedentary and motion-based game controls for older adults. 1 https:\/\/repository.lincoln.ac.uk\/articles\/conference_contribution\/Is_movement_better_Comparing_sedentary_and_motion-based_game_controls_for_older_adults\/25166216"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.736793"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","unstructured":"Dovetail Research PTY. LTD. 2016. Dovetail. Surry Hills Australia. https:\/\/dovetailapp.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2018.5920"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3396249"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","volume-title":"Game [VR]. FitXR","author":"Box XR.","year":"2058","unstructured":"FitXR. 2019. FitXR - Box. HIIT. Dance. Sculpt. Combat. Game [VR]. FitXR. London, England. Meta Reviews: https:\/\/www.meta.com\/experiences\/2327205800645550\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","volume-title":"Human-centred design for interactive systems. https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/77520.html International Organization for Standardization","author":"International Organization for Standardization. 2019. ISO 9241-210:2019 Ergonomics of human-system interaction \u2014 Part 210","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization. 2019. ISO 9241-210:2019 Ergonomics of human-system interaction \u2014 Part 210: Human-centred design for interactive systems. https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/77520.html International Organization for Standardization. Geneva, Switzerland"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192215294"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borko Furht (Ed.). 2008. Immersive Virtual Reality. Springer US Boston MA. 345\u2013346. isbn:978-0-387-78414-4 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-0-387-78414-4_85 10.1007\/978-0-387-78414-4_85","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-78414-4_85"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","volume-title":"Game [VR]. Beat Games","author":"Games Beat","unstructured":"Beat Games. 2019. Beat Saber. Game [VR]. Beat Games. Los Angeles, CA, USA. https:\/\/beatsaber.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208324"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1971630.1971650"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3543758.3543763"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120605000909"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2022.0093"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/1.1.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/35802"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445361"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2024.1452486"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","unstructured":"Anne H\u00f6sch. 2018. Simulator Sickness in Fahrsimulationsumgebungen-drei Studien zu Human Factors. Ph. D. Dissertation. Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau. https:\/\/www.db-thueringen.de\/receive\/dbt_mods_00037865"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1328202.1328206"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300388"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.18.3.232"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642124"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491101.3519736"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3474679"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445492"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3677091"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061570"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v074.i07"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/soc11040134"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3565970.3567684"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eugene Kukshinov. 2024. It\u2019s (not) Me: Dynamic Nature of Immersive Experiences in Video Game Play. Human Studies 1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10746-024-09768-9 10.1007\/s10746-024-09768-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10746-024-09768-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09544820903317001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31822192e2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2020.00033"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","volume-title":"Mekler","author":"Martin-Niedecken Anna Lisa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anna Lisa Martin-Niedecken and Elisa D. Mekler. 2018. The ExerCube: Participatory Design of an Immersive Fitness Game Environment. In Serious Games, Stefan G\u00f6bel, Augusto Garcia-Agundez, Thomas Tregel, Minhua Ma, Jannicke Baalsrud Hauge, Manuel Oliveira, Tim Marsh, and Polona Caserman (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham. 263\u2013275. isbn:978-3-030-02762-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300318"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2486227.2486242"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","volume-title":"Pan Hui, and Lennart E Nacke.","author":"Mogavi Reza Hadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reza Hadi Mogavi, Juhyung Son, Simin Yang, Derrick M Wang, Lydia Choong, Ahmad Alhilal, Peng Yuan Zhou, Pan Hui, and Lennart E Nacke. 2024. The Jade Gateway to Exergaming: How Socio-Cultural Factors Shape Exergaming Among East Asian Older Adults. arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.10053."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","volume-title":"13th Eurographics Symposium on Virtual Environments and 10th Immersive Projection Technology Workshop (IPT-EGVE 2007","author":"Mohler Betty","year":"2007","unstructured":"Betty Mohler, Jennifer Campos, Michael Weyel, and Heinrich H B\u00fclthoff. 2007. Gait parameters while walking in a head-mounted display virtual environment and the real world. In 13th Eurographics Symposium on Virtual Environments and 10th Immersive Projection Technology Workshop (IPT-EGVE 2007). 85\u201388. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11858\/00-001M-0000-0013-CCBB-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-8-121"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979330"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105311427615"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","volume-title":"A new approach to improve cognition, muscle strength, and postural balance in community-dwelling elderly with a 3-D virtual reality kayak program. The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine, 238, 1","author":"Park Junhyuck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Junhyuck Park and JongEun Yim. 2016. A new approach to improve cognition, muscle strength, and postural balance in community-dwelling elderly with a 3-D virtual reality kayak program. The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine, 238, 1 (2016), 1\u20138."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-022-01063-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181c534b5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-006-9051-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/014492998119355"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00096"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/QoMEX.2018.8463389"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601300343603"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1746050.1746061"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2015.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0138"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2016.00074"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-43078-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2019.0082"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581230"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00368"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_76_1","volume-title":"Unity Real-Time Development Platform. https:\/\/unity.com\/ LTS Release","author":"Technologies Unity","year":"2022","unstructured":"Unity Technologies. 2023. Unity Real-Time Development Platform. https:\/\/unity.com\/ LTS Release 2022.3.14f1. 21 November 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69892-2_748-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_78_1","unstructured":"Matthias Templ Alexander Kowarik Andreas Alfons Gregor de Cillia Bernd Prantner and Wolfgang Rannetbauer. 2021. Package \u2019VIM\u2019. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/VIM\/VIM.pdf Package \u2018ARTool\u2019 v.6.2.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/9df3caed-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/6a8968ef-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222253"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_82_1","unstructured":"Black Box VR. 2022. Black Box VR. Game [VR]. Black Box VR. Boise USA. https:\/\/www.blackbox-vr.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713937"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15228835.2021.1915927"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_85_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"\u00dcberpr\u00fcfung einer Kurzskala intrinsischer Motivation (KIM)","volume":"15","author":"Wilde Matthias","year":"2009","unstructured":"Matthias Wilde, Katrin B\u00e4tz, Anastassiya Kovaleva, and Detlef Urhahne. 2009. \u00dcberpr\u00fcfung einer Kurzskala intrinsischer Motivation (KIM). Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Didaktik der Naturwissenschaften, 15 (2009), 31\u201345. https:\/\/archiv.ipn.uni-kiel.de\/zfdn\/pdf\/15_Wilde.pdf","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Didaktik der Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2907069"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_87_1","volume-title":"Global status report on physical activity","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2022. Global status report on physical activity 2022. World Health Organization. issn:9789240059153 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240059153"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_88_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2024. Physical Activity. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/physical-activity Accessed: 01.09.2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445801"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3332169.3333574"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3748603","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T21:02:45Z","timestamp":1759698165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3748603"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3748603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3748603","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}