{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T17:17:56Z","timestamp":1758043076243,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Due to the reliance on untrusted supply chain entities, tracking and authentication of Integrated Circuits (ICs) has become crucial to prevent the rapid proliferation of counterfeits. Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) can be used for such IC authentication since they generate unique identifiers for individual ICs. However, PUF-generated signatures are often noisy and traditional solutions like Error Correcting Codes (ECC) are expensive and vulnerable to attacks. Moreover, comprehensive PUF-based authentication at multiple locations of the supply chain at any given time suffers from large storage requirements, high query processing time, and security threats. This article proposes a Persistent Hierarchical Bloom Filter (PHBF) to enable fast, storage-efficient and noise-tolerant authentication to track ICs across the supply chain. The proposed framework is demonstrated using 4,000 PUF-generated signatures from several FPGAs and achieved the highest possible authentication accuracy under temperature-induced and synthetic noise of varied degrees without any ECC. Our comparative analysis of storage and query time requirements against four different solutions for detecting wide range counterfeit ICs shows the significant benefit of PHBF, providing up to\n            <jats:inline-formula content-type=\"math\/tex\">\n              <jats:tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\" version=\"MathJax\">\\(10^{5}\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>\n            times faster query processing and 39 times lower storage requirement compared to blockchain.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3748650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:28:18Z","timestamp":1753885698000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Persistent Hierarchical Bloom Filter-based Framework for Scalable Authentication and Tracking of ICs"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7414-7951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Mashfiq","family":"Rizvee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2634-1178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fairuz Shadmani","family":"Shishir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5829-4169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanvir","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6845-0361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamzidul","family":"Hoque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2794-7320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenic","family":"Forte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3478-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumaiya","family":"Shomaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 37th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","author":"Alaql Abdulrahman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdulrahman Alaql, Tamzidul Hoque, Domenic Forte, and Swarup Bhunia. 2019. Quality obfuscation for error-tolerant and adaptive hardware IP protection. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 37th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS). IEEE, 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-020-00513-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/362686.362692"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1837853.1693488"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2840819.2840867"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-0372-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","first-page":"518","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th VLDB Conference","volume":"99","author":"Gionis Aristides","year":"1999","unstructured":"Aristides Gionis, Piotr Indyk, and Rajeev Motwani. 1999. Similarity search in high dimensions via hashing. 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