{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:20:55Z","timestamp":1758846055901,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009157","name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["90REGE0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90REGE0018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Independent navigation remains a significant challenge for blind and low vision individuals, especially in unfamiliar environments. In this paper, we introduce the Parsimonious Instructions design principle, which aims to enhance navigation safety while minimizing the number of instructions delivered to the user. We demonstrate the application of this principle through NavGraph, a navigation application adopting a modular architecture comprising four components: localization, routing, guidance, and user interface. NavGraph is designed to provide effective, non-intrusive navigation assistance by optimizing route computation and instruction delivery. We evaluated NavGraph in a user study with 10 blind participants, comparing it to a baseline solution. Results show that NavGraph significantly reduces the number of instructions and improves clarity and safety, without compromising navigation time. These findings support the potential of the Parsimonious Instructions design principle in assistive navigation technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3749537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T17:15:45Z","timestamp":1756919745000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["NavGraph: Enhancing Blind Travelers' Navigation Experience and Safety"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8416-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Mascetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Milan, Milan, IT"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5745-1230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragan","family":"Ahmetovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Milan, Milan, IT"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9243-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Galimberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Milan, Milan, IT"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2775-4083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James M.","family":"Coughlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"ISAB: integrated indoor navigation system for the blind","volume":"29","author":"Doush Iyad Abu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iyad Abu Doush, Sawsan Alshatnawi, Abdel-Karim Al-Tamimi, Bushra Alhasan, and Safaa Hamasha. 2017. ISAB: integrated indoor navigation system for the blind. Interacting with Computers 29, 2 (2017), 181--202.","journal-title":"Interacting with Computers"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2023.103057"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3234695.3241005"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOM.2019.8767407"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3430263.3452441"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2023.3280030"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","volume-title":"NavCog: A Navigational Cognitive Assistant for the Blind. In International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services.","author":"Ahmetovic Dragan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dragan Ahmetovic, Cole Gleason, Chengxiong Ruan, Kris Kitani, Hironobu Takagi, and Chieko Asakawa. 2016. NavCog: A Navigational Cognitive Assistant for the Blind. In International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3315002.3317561"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3046790"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3349264"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","unstructured":"Seeing AI. 2025. https:\/\/www.seeingai.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"Ebsar: Indoor guidance for the visually impaired. Computers & Electrical Engineering","author":"Al-Khalifa Shurug","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shurug Al-Khalifa and Muna Al-Razgan. 2016. Ebsar: Indoor guidance for the visually impaired. Computers & Electrical Engineering (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174203"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X1310700205"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","unstructured":"Association for Computing Machinery. 2021. ACM Publications Policy on Research Involving Human Participants and Subjects. https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/research-involving-human-participants-and-subjects"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2049536.2049607"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","volume-title":"Challenges of unfamiliar signalized intersections for pedestrians who are blind: Research on safety. Transportation research record","author":"Bentzen Billie Louise","year":"1878","unstructured":"Billie Louise Bentzen, Janet M Barlow, and Tamara Bond. 2004. Challenges of unfamiliar signalized intersections for pedestrians who are blind: Research on safety. Transportation research record 1878, 1 (2004), 51--57."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0401_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","unstructured":"BlindSquare. 2025. https:\/\/www.blindsquare.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-011-9555-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300425"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2494091.2494173"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2018.8545141"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3315002.3317569"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECTICON.2008.4600543"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"Hybrid Participatory Design Program to Create Navigation Technology for the Blind. arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.00192","author":"Chung Daeun Joyce","year":"2024","unstructured":"Daeun Joyce Chung, Muya Guoji, Nina Mindel, Alexis Malkin, Fernando Alberotrio, Shane Lowe, Chris McNally, Casandra Xavier, and Paul Ruvolo. 2024. Large-scale, Longitudinal, Hybrid Participatory Design Program to Create Navigation Technology for the Blind. arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.00192 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3382507.3418874"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct.2017.89"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052701"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3828\/tpr.2022.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","unstructured":"Envision. 2025. https:\/\/www.letsenvision.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","unstructured":"Be My Eyes. 2025. https:\/\/www.bemyeyes.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior research methods 41, 4","author":"Faul Franz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Franz Faul, Edgar Erdfelder, Axel Buchner, and Albert-Georg Lang. 2009. Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior research methods 41, 4 (2009), 1149--1160."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-017-0570-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2661334.2661344"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul DS Fink Maher Alsamsam Justin R Brown Henry D Kindler and Nicholas A Giudice. 2023. Give us something to chauffeur it: exploring user needs in traditional and fully autonomous ridesharing for people who are blind or visually impaired. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour 98 (2023) 91--103.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2023.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2015.2409980"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173591"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-08492-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","unstructured":"FourSquare. 2025. https:\/\/apps.apple.com\/it\/app\/foursquare-city-guide\/id306934924."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94274-2_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3371300.3383345"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412983419"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","volume-title":"Blind navigation and the role of technology. The engineering handbook of smart technology for aging, disability, and independence","author":"Giudice Nicholas A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nicholas A Giudice and Gordon E Legge. 2008. Blind navigation and the role of technology. The engineering handbook of smart technology for aging, disability, and independence (2008), 479--500."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3191741"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02693799108927864"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","unstructured":"GoodMaps. 2025. https:\/\/goodmaps.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","unstructured":"Ariadne GPS. 2025. https:\/\/www.ariadnegps.eu."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3192714.3192829"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308561.3353771"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/78.978396"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X9609000609"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","volume-title":"Aart C Kooijman, and Bart JM Melis-Dankers.","author":"Havik Else M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Else M Havik, Frank JJM Steyvers, Aart C Kooijman, and Bart JM Melis-Dankers. 2015. Accessibility of shared space for visually impaired persons: A comparative field study. British journal of visual impairment 33, 2 (2015), 96--110."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","unstructured":"Thomas Hermann Andy Hunt John G Neuhoff et al. 2011. The sonification handbook. Vol. 1. Logos Verlag Berlin."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5241\/10-173"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2632048.2636079"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8793604"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","unstructured":"iMove Around. 2025. https:\/\/apps.apple.com\/us\/app\/imove-around."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2018.00071"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3654777.3676333"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579496"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3373625.3416995"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","volume-title":"Guiding blind people with haptic feedback. Frontiers in Accessibility for Pervasive Computing (Pervasive 2012) 3","author":"Kammoun Slim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Slim Kammoun, Christophe Jouffrais, Tiago Guerreiro, Hugo Nicolau, and Joaquim Jorge. 2012. Guiding blind people with haptic feedback. Frontiers in Accessibility for Pervasive Computing (Pervasive 2012) 3 (2012)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","volume-title":"route planning, and smartphone interface for indoor navigation. Cooperative robots and sensor networks","author":"Kannan Balajee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Balajee Kannan, Nisarg Kothari, Chet Gnegy, Hend Gedaway, M Freddie Dias, and M Bernardine Dias. 2014. Localization, route planning, and smartphone interface for indoor navigation. Cooperative robots and sensor networks (2014), 39--59."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-012-0213-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2800665"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","volume-title":"Analysis of navigation assistants for blind and visually impaired people: A systematic review","author":"Khan Sulaiman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sulaiman Khan, Shah Nazir, and Habib Ullah Khan. 2021. Analysis of navigation assistants for blind and visually impaired people: A systematic review. IEEE access 9 (2021), 26712--26734."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010361"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. 86--92","author":"Kim Cherry","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cherry Kim, Seongjin Wang, Dongjun Kim, Shijia Pan, and Jun Han. 2024. ImpacTile: Tile-level Localization for the Visually Impaired using Structural Uniqueness. In Proceedings of the 25th International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. 86--92."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2851613.2851716"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.12.4.223"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02564602.2020.1819893"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447319309526075"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_75_1","volume-title":"Xuejian Rong, Qingtian Chen, Jizhong Xiao, Yingli Tian, Aries Arditi, and Mohammed Yousuf.","author":"Li Bing","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bing Li, Juan Pablo Munoz, Xuejian Rong, Qingtian Chen, Jizhong Xiao, Yingli Tian, Aries Arditi, and Mohammed Yousuf. 2018. Vision-based mobile indoor assistive navigation aid for blind people. IEEE transactions on mobile computing (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X0509900404"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445412"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2072298.2072005"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_79_1","unstructured":"Apple Maps. 2025. https:\/\/www.apple.com\/it\/maps."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_80_1","unstructured":"Google Maps. 2025. https:\/\/www.google.it\/maps."},{"volume-title":"Assistive Technology for Blindness and Low Vision","author":"Marston James","key":"e_1_2_2_81_1","unstructured":"James Marston and Billie Louise Beezy Bentzen. 2018. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Assistive Travel and Wayfinding Devices for Persons Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired. In Assistive Technology for Blindness and Low Vision. CRC Press, 151--178."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2015.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3699753"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_84_1","unstructured":"Moovit. 2025. https:\/\/moovit.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3514255"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOM.2018.8444593"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2019.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351257"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3264941"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_90_1","unstructured":"Oko. 2025. https:\/\/www.ayes.ai."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2481290"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3470649"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_93_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th WSEAS International Conference on Electronics, Hardware, Wireless and Optical Communications. World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society (WSEAS), 96--101","author":"Rajam\u00e4ki Jyri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jyri Rajam\u00e4ki, Petri Viinikainen, Julius Tuomisto, Thomas Sederholm, and Miika S\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4nen. 2007. LaureaPOP indoor navigation service for the visually impaired in a WLAN environment. In Proceedings of the 6th WSEAS International Conference on Electronics, Hardware, Wireless and Optical Communications. World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society (WSEAS), 96--101."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_94_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Power comparisons of shapiro-wilk, kolmogorov-smirnov, lilliefors and andersondarling tests","volume":"2","author":"Razali Nornadiah Mohd","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nornadiah Mohd Razali, Yap Bee Wah, et al. 2011. Power comparisons of shapiro-wilk, kolmogorov-smirnov, lilliefors and andersondarling tests. Journal of statistical modeling and analytics 2, 1 (2011), 21--33.","journal-title":"Journal of statistical modeling and analytics"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597638.3608428"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13875868.2022.2053382"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3340319"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132525.3132535"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MED.2014.6961320"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_100_1","volume-title":"Tamara LY Bond, and Douglas Gubbe.","author":"Scott Alan C","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alan C Scott, Janet M Barlow, Billie Louise Bentzen, Tamara LY Bond, and Douglas Gubbe. 2008. Accessible pedestrian signals at complex intersections: Effects on blind pedestrians. Transportation research record 2073, 1 (2008), 94--103."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979268"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_102_1","unstructured":"Siri. 2025. https:\/\/www.apple.com\/siri."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_103_1","unstructured":"Soundscape. 2025. https:\/\/www.scottishtecharmy.org\/soundscape."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3918284"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_105_1","volume-title":"All the way there and back: Inertial-based, phone-in-pocket indoor wayfinding and backtracking apps for blind travelers. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing","author":"Tsai Chia Hsuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chia Hsuan Tsai, Fatemeh Elyasi, Peng Ren, and Roberto Manduchi. 2024. All the way there and back: Inertial-based, phone-in-pocket indoor wayfinding and backtracking apps for blind travelers. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_106_1","volume-title":"Accommodating pedestrians with visual impairments in and around work zones. Transportation research record 2140, 1","author":"Ullman Brooke R","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brooke R Ullman and Nada D Trout. 2009. Accommodating pedestrians with visual impairments in and around work zones. Transportation research record 2140, 1 (2009), 96--102."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_107_1","unstructured":"VoiceVista. 2025. https:\/\/apps.apple.com\/it\/app\/voicevista\/id6450388413."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X9709100504"},{"volume-title":"Foundations of orientation and mobility","author":"Wiener William R","key":"e_1_2_2_109_1","unstructured":"William R Wiener, Richard L Welsh, and Bruce B Blasch. 2010. Foundations of orientation and mobility. Vol. 1. American Foundation for the Blind."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2513383.2513449"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1978963"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_112_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Virtual Paving: Rendering a smooth path for people with visual impairment through vibrotactile and audio feedback","volume":"4","author":"Xu Shuchang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shuchang Xu, Ciyuan Yang, Wenhao Ge, Chun Yu, and Yuanchun Shi. 2020. Virtual Paving: Rendering a smooth path for people with visual impairment through vibrotactile and audio feedback. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 4, 3 (2020), 1--25.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3495003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308561.3353788"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376516"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3332169.3333579"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3749537","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T16:31:44Z","timestamp":1758817904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3749537"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3749537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3749537","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2474-9567"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}