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Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate and real-time gait analysis is essential for enhancing performance and reducing injury risks in treadmill running. In this paper, we introduce VibRun, an unobtrusive gait analysis system that estimates key physiological metrics, such as cadence, ground contact time, stride time, center of pressure, and plantar pressure distribution, through footstep vibrations captured by low-cost treadmill-mounted sensors. Leveraging advanced multi-task transformer models, our system offers a robust, real-time solution to monitor and analyze running biomechanics without requiring intrusive wearable devices. This approach enables seamless integration into virtual sports, gaming platforms, and immersive exercise environments, enhancing the running experience by providing personalized feedback. By offering precise biomechanical insights in real-time, VibRun paves the way for future applications in virtual sports, gamified fitness, and interactive training programs, empowering users to engage more effectively in their training sessions while improving overall performance and reducing injury risks. Extensive evaluations with 17 participants across varied treadmill running scenarios demonstrate VibRun's accuracy in real-time gait analysis. For instance, VibRun achieves a mean error of 28.8 ms in ground contact time and a distance of 13.66 mm in the center of pressure, among other measured metrics, highlighting its precise performance across multiple gait parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3749539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T17:15:45Z","timestamp":1756919745000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["VibRun: Real-time Unobtrusive Gait Analysis for Treadmill Running via Footstep Vibrations"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0647-8934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianhao","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA and University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3120-3769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1535-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bibek","family":"Poudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3239-1080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Irfan Ali","family":"Meerza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9352-5441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajasi Gore","family":"Athawale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knoxville, Tennessee, USA and MoSIS Lab at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0780-738X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weizi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6037-0439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3009-8997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c7a\u011fdas","family":"Karata\u015e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Izmir Katip \u00c7elebi University, Cigli, \u0130zmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8331-0834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA and University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/190303\/running-participants-in-the-us-since-2006\/","author":"Number","year":"2024","unstructured":"Number of running and jogging participants in the united states from 2010 to 2023. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/190303\/running-participants-in-the-us-since-2006\/, 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"components, mechanisms. https:\/\/www.news.market.us\/treadmill-statistics\/","author":"Treadmill","year":"2024","unstructured":"Treadmill statistics 2024 by types, components, mechanisms. https:\/\/www.news.market.us\/treadmill-statistics\/, 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1864431.1864473"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Your pace your place the free app for running and h your community","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zwift. 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