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IceSound tackles multiple challenges including overlapping echoes due to the higher sound speed in ice (approximately 3250 m\/s), weak bottom reflections due to attenuation in thick ice, and variations of temperature and device orientation during measurements. Extensive field experiments show that IceSound achieves a mean absolute error of 0.3 cm for ice thickness measurement when the ice thickness is in the critical range of 10-15 cm. When assessing whether the ice thickness is safe for human activities based on the well-recognized 15 cm threshold, the system exhibits a remarkably low error rate of 0.13%, demonstrating its effectiveness in enhancing safety for ice-related human activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3749543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T17:15:45Z","timestamp":1756919745000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IceSound: Acoustic-based Ice Thickness Sensing with Smartphones"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3230-1997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0907-2591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5396-4554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9256-1958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1011-607X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4268-4807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lenovo, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3929-3598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guowei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1464420720985899"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3534579"},{"volume-title":"Snow and ice-related hazards, risks, and disasters","author":"Arenson Lukas","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Lukas Arenson, William Colgan, and Hans Peter Marshall. 2021. 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