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Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Shared Augmented Reality (Shared AR) is an emerging technology that enables multiple users to interact synchronously within a collocated AR environment. Yet, there is limited research on the group interactions and dynamics in Shared AR, particularly in the context of gaming. To address this gap, we investigate Shared AR group interactions using a phone-based Shared AR mobile game called\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Urban Legends<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Through\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    observations, focus groups, and one-on-one interviews with 22 participants, we examine how users collaborate and communicate within the game. Our findings reveal that while verbal communication predominates, non-verbal cues are often overlooked by collocated participants, and users initially struggle to recognize the expansive virtual space and the need for physical movement. Over time, users adapt to the hybrid environment, demonstrating increasing spatial awareness and more dynamic collaboration. Based on these insights, we present a suite of design recommendations for enhancing spatial awareness, supporting multi-modal communication, and fostering engaging group dynamics in future Shared AR applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3749841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T18:40:03Z","timestamp":1755196803000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Understanding the Interplay between the Digital and the Physical in Shared AR Gaming: Probing through\n                    <i>Urban Legends<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8932-8082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangnan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GCIS, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester,\u00a0New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2582-7438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanzida Mojib","family":"Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Interactive Games and Media, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester,\u00a0New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3123-6361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Garreth W.","family":"Tigwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GCIS, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester,\u00a0New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2254-2831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Lalone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GCIS, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester,\u00a0New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7414-2840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Saker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Media, University of London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and\u00a0Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4285-0073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuli","family":"Laato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Systems Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9348-6983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Dunham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3278-6410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yihong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Software Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2122-8077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Chamberlain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mixed Reality Lab, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5094-9837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Papangelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GCIS, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester,\u00a0New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/647985.743843"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376859"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452204666"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1046496403259757"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Augmented reality in education: An overview of Twenty-Five years of research","volume":"13","author":"Avila-Garzon Cecilia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cecilia Avila-Garzon, Jorge Bacca-Acosta, Joan Duarte, Juan Betancourt. 2021. 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