{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T13:53:26Z","timestamp":1758981206244,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["1925043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1925043"]}]},{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison Office of the Provost"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Hum.-Robot Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Roboticists are continually improving the quality of social robot behaviors and interactions with humans. This is a major goal of the field of social robotics, which seeks to create socially competent robots and improve their overall acceptance. Toward this effort, we propose the utilization of\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">primal world beliefs<\/jats:italic>\n            (i.e., beliefs about the character of the world) to design behaviors that are relatable, intuitive, and based on an internal motivation. However, it is not yet clear whether humans can reliably discern these world beliefs in robots. In this work, we explore whether primals can serve as a novel framework to inform the design of robot personality and attempt to understand whether and how humans perceive primals within robots. Through two large online user studies (\n            <jats:inline-formula content-type=\"math\/tex\">\n              <jats:tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\" version=\"MathJax\">\\(n=300\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>\n            ;\n            <jats:inline-formula content-type=\"math\/tex\">\n              <jats:tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\" version=\"MathJax\">\\(n=360\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>\n            ), we show that (1) participants are broadly able to discern intended primals in robots, (2) certain participant and robot primals predict participant perception of the robots, and (3) similarity between human and robot primals predicts improved perception of robots.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3749997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T15:45:54Z","timestamp":1753717554000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Robot Primals: Exploring World Beliefs as a Source for Robot Behavior Design"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4901-6375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dakota","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9414-9647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan Thomas","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4462-0140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaxin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3185-3105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy","family":"D. W. Clifton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Positive Psychology Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9456-1495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilge","family":"Mutlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702592"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-008-0001-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"Aaron T. Beck. 1979. Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders. International Universities Press New York NY. 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