{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T13:49:13Z","timestamp":1762264153413,"version":"build-2065373602"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":185,"publisher":"ACM","funder":[{"name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","award":["EP\/S023704\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S023704\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3757232.3757233","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T12:13:01Z","timestamp":1762258381000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Designing Okuma: A Digital Health Tool for Type 2 Diabetes in Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2393-6365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oritsetimeyin","family":"Arueyingho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8219-8126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aisling Ann","family":"O'Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2950-8310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4869-0499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonah Sydney","family":"Aprioku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9774-9602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makuochi Samuel","family":"Nkwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7838-5824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael","family":"Shivam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"2024. https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/country-rankings\/whatsapp-users-by-country. https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/country-rankings\/whatsapp-users-by-country"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moien Abdul Basith\u00a0Khan Muhammad\u00a0Jawad Hashim Jeffrey\u00a0Kwan King Romona\u00a0Devi Govender Halla Mustafa and Juma Al\u00a0Kaabi. 2020. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes\u2014global burden of disease and forecasted trends. Journal of epidemiology and global health 10 1 (2020) 107\u2013111.","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.191028.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdul-Basit Abdul-Samed Yasmin Jahan Veronika Reichenberger Ellen\u00a0Barnie Peprah Mary\u00a0Pomaa Agyekum Henry Lawson Dina Balabanova Tolib Mirzoev and Irene Agyepong. 2024. Improving Type II Diabetes Care in West Africa: A Scoping Review of Barriers Facilitators and the Way Forward. medRxiv (2024) 2024\u201308.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.08.30.24312843"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sara\u00a0Hamdi Abdulrhim. 2020. Exploring the Impact and Value of Collaborative Care Model in Diabetes Care at a Primary Healthcare Setting In Qatar.","DOI":"10.29117\/quarfe.2020.0175"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Barocas-S. Kleinberg J. Levy K. Raghavan\u00a0M. Abebe R. and D.\u00a0G. Robinson. 2020. Roles for computing in social change. In Proceedings of the 2020 conference on fairness accountability and transparency 14 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genet\u00a0Tadese Aboye Gizeaddis\u00a0Lamesgin Simegn and Jean-Marie Aerts. 2024. Assessment of the barriers and enablers of the Use of mHealth systems in Sub-saharan Africa according to the Perceptions of Patients Physicians and Health Care Executives in Ethiopia: qualitative study. Journal of medical Internet research 26 (2024) e50337.","DOI":"10.2196\/50337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Muhammad\u00a0Sadi Adamu. 2019. Designing Learning Technology: An African HCI Approach. Doctoral Consortium on Computer Supported Education (2019) 3\u201312."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TI Adesina M Niyang DB Gobir and DA Nwandu. 2017. Social Media and disease surveillance in Nigeria\u2013the Role of WhatsApp. Annals of Global Health 83 1 (2017) 19\u201320.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2017.03.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taofeekat Adigun Esther Opone Bettina Baidoo Moses Mathenge Cephas Avoka and Olutola Awosiku. 2024. Forgotten and ignored: making digital health work for migrant population in Africa. Oxford Open Digital Health 2 (2024) oqae023.","DOI":"10.1093\/oodh\/oqae023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afua Adjekum Alessandro Blasimme and Effy Vayena. 2018. Elements of trust in digital health systems: scoping review. Journal of medical Internet research 20 12 (2018) e11254.","DOI":"10.2196\/11254"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Dhruv Agarwal Farhana Shahid and Aditya Vashistha. 2024. Conversational Agents to Facilitate Deliberation on Harmful Content in WhatsApp Groups. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2405.20254 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed Ali\u00a0Ag Ahmed Marie-Pierre Gagnon Louise Hamelin-Brabant Gisele Ir\u00e8ne\u00a0Claudine Mbemba and Hassane Alami. 2017. A mixed methods systematic review of success factors of mhealth and telehealth for maternal health in Sub-Saharan Africa. Mhealth 3 (2017) 22.","DOI":"10.21037\/mhealth.2017.05.04"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adewale B. Igwilo J. Adeyeye V. Olajide T. Olaniran O.\u00a0... Aigbonoga D. and A. Ogunniyi. 2025. Efficacy of short message service (SMS) intervention on medication adherence and knowledge of stroke prevention among clinic attendees at risk of stroke: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 25 1070 (2025).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22204-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collins\u00a0O Airhihenbuwa Chandra\u00a0L Ford and Juliet\u00a0I Iwelunmor. 2014. Why culture matters in health interventions: lessons from HIV\/AIDS stigma and NCDs. Health Education Behavior 41 1 (2014) 78\u201384.","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198113487199"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samuel Akyirem Emmanuel Ekpor Gloria\u00a0Ama Aidoo-Frimpong Yakubu Salifu and LaRon\u00a0E Nelson. 2024. Online interviews for qualitative health research in Africa: a scoping review. International Health 16 1 (2024) 4\u201313.","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihad010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halimatou Alaof\u00e8 Sarah Yeo Abidemi Okechukwu Priscilla Magrath Waliou Amoussa\u00a0Hounkpatin John Ehiri and Cecilia Rosales. 2021. Cultural considerations for the adaptation of a diabetes self-management education program in Cotonou Benin: lessons learned from a qualitative study. International journal of environmental research and public health 18 16 (2021) 8376.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168376"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed\u00a0Housni Alsswey Hosam Al-Samarraie Fuad\u00a0Ali El-Qirem Ahmed\u00a0Ibrahim Alzahrani and Osama Alfarraj. 2020. Culture in the design of mHealth UI: an effort to increase acceptance among culturally specific groups. The Electronic Library 38 2 (2020) 257\u2013272.","DOI":"10.1108\/EL-04-2019-0097"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"MN Amaewhule IR Daka and C Wekhe. 2021. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus in an Apparently Healthy Population in the Niger Delta Region of Southern Nigeria."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"Chetanna\u00a0Chioma Anaje Chibuzo\u00a0Ifeanyi Okpala Nkechi\u00a0Anne Enechukwu Ogochukwu\u00a0Ifeanyi Ezejiofor Divinefavour\u00a0Echezona Malachy and Obumneme\u00a0Kenechukwu Nwiyi. 2023. Digital Education For Albinism-The Impact of WhatsApp As A Health Intervention Tool: An Interventional Study. (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edlyne\u00a0Eze Anugwom. 2020. Challenges to Public Health Delivery System in Africa. Public Health in Developing Countries: Challenges and Opportunities (2020) 51.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.91859"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Ariani Allya\u00a0P Koesoema and Soegijardjo Soegijoko. 2017. Innovative healthcare systems for the 21st century. Innovative Healthcare Systems for the 21st Century (2017) 15\u201370.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55774-8_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Iwara Arikpo Uchenna Nnabuko Ememobong Aquaisua Henry Unah Idongesit Eteng Dachi Arikpo Joanna Akan and Martin Meremikwu. 2018. Development of a mobile software tool for diabetes diagnosis. vol 5 (2018) 1\u20138."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oritsetimeyin Arueyingho Jonah\u00a0Sydney Aprioku Paul Marshall and Aisling\u00a0Ann O\u2019Kane. 2024. Insights Into Sociodemographic Influences on Type 2 Diabetes Care and Opportunities for Digital Health Promotion in Port Harcourt Nigeria: Quantitative Study. JMIR diabetes 9 (2024) e56756.","DOI":"10.2196\/56756"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613905.3644072"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3628096.3628744"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oritsetimeyin Arueyingho Aisling\u00a0Ann O\u2019Kane Jonah\u00a0Sydney Aprioku and Paul Marshall. 2025. Context-Driven Collaborative Care: An Afro-Centred Perspective on Technology and Design Opportunities for Managing Type 2 Diabetes in Nigeria. Proceedings of the ACM on human-computer interactionCSCW.","DOI":"10.1145\/3710951"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onur Asan Alparslan\u00a0Emrah Bayrak Avishek Choudhury et\u00a0al. 2020. Artificial intelligence and human trust in healthcare: focus on clinicians. Journal of medical Internet research 22 6 (2020) e15154.","DOI":"10.2196\/15154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_29_2","volume-title":"An afrocentric manifesto: Toward an African renaissance","author":"Asante Molefi\u00a0Kete","year":"2007","unstructured":"Molefi\u00a0Kete Asante. 2007. An afrocentric manifesto: Toward an African renaissance. Polity."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molefi\u00a0Kete Asante. 2017. The philosophy of Afrocentricity. The Palgrave handbook of African philosophy (2017) 231\u2013244.","DOI":"10.1057\/978-1-137-59291-0_16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_31_2","unstructured":"IDF\u00a0Diabetes Atlas. 2022. Nigeria: Diabetes Report 2000 - 2045. Retrieved 1 (2022) 6. https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/data\/en\/country\/145\/ng.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amid Ayobi Katarzyna Stawarz Dmitri Katz Paul Marshall Taku Yamagata Raul Santos-Rodriguez Peter Flach and Aisling\u00a0Ann O\u2019Kane. 2021. Co-designing personal health? Multidisciplinary benefits and challenges in informing diabetes self-care technologies. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5 CSCW2 (2021) 1\u201326.","DOI":"10.1145\/3479601"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amid Ayobi Katarzyna Stawarz Dmitri Katz Paul Marshall Taku Yamagata Raul Santos-Rodriguez Peter Flach and Aisling\u00a0Ann O\u2019Kane. 2021. Co-Designing Personal Health? Multidisciplinary Benefits and Challenges in Informing Diabetes Self-Care Technologies. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 5 CSCW2 Article 457 (oct 2021) 26\u00a0pages. 10.1145\/3479601","DOI":"10.1145\/3479601"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_34_2","unstructured":"Emmanuel\u00a0Sunny Azubuike and Chinogonum\u00a0D. Chuku.2025. Low Income Workers and Poverty among Rivers State Civil service Port Harcourt Rivers State. International Journal of Social Sciences and Management Research 10 11 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graziella Bertocchi and Fabio Canova. 2002. Did colonization matter for growth?: An empirical exploration into the historical causes of Africa\u2019s underdevelopment. European economic review 46 10 (2002) 1851\u20131871.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2921(01)00195-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nic Bidwell. 2010. Ubuntu in the network: humanness in social capital in rural Africa. Interactions 17 2 (2010) 68\u201371.","DOI":"10.1145\/1699775.1699791"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicola\u00a0J Bidwell. 2016. Decolonising HCI and interaction design discourse: some considerations in planning AfriCHI. XRDS: Crossroads The ACM Magazine for Students 22 4 (2016) 22\u201327.","DOI":"10.1145\/2930884"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_38_2","unstructured":"Borneo. 2021. How to comply with the GDPR if you use WhatsApp in your company? Retrieved from https:\/\/www.pridatect.co.uk\/how-to-comply-with-the-gdpr-if-you-use-whatsapp-in-your-company\/ (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2019. Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative research in sport exercise and health 11 4 (2019) 589\u2013597.","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_40_2","unstructured":"Laura Ceci. 2024. Monthly global unique WhatsApp users 2020-2024. (2024). https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1306022\/whatsapp-global-unique-users\/#:\u00a0:text=The%20popular%20instant%20messaging%20platform global%20smartphone%20users%20in%202024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyna\u00a0YP Chao Tom\u00a0MY Lin and Wen-Ya Ma. 2019. Enhanced self-efficacy and behavioral changes among patients with diabetes: cloud-based mobile health platform and mobile app service. JMIR diabetes 4 2 (2019) e11017.","DOI":"10.2196\/11017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briony\u00a0Sue Chisholm Marc Blockman and Catherine\u00a0Jane Orrell. 2024. A Mixed Methods Cluster-Randomised Study Protocol to Design and Test WhatsApp Group-Based HIV Microlearning for Rural South African Healthcare Workers. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 23 (2024) 16094069241284205.","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069241284205"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briony\u00a0Sue Chisholm Lovemore Mapahla Carl Lombard Marc Blockman and Catherine Orrell. 2025. Effectiveness and uptake of WhatsApp-based HIV microlearning for healthcare workers in remote South African clinics: a pragmatic mixed-methods cluster-randomised trial. Nurse Education in Practice (2025) 104326.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2025.104326"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taridzo Chomutare Luis Fernandez-Luque Eirik \u00c5rsand Gunnar Hartvigsen et\u00a0al. 2011. Features of mobile diabetes applications: review of the literature and analysis of current applications compared against evidence-based guidelines. Journal of medical Internet research 13 3 (2011) e1874.","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1874"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_45_2","unstructured":"CityMayors. 2007. Retrieved from www.citymayors.com\/statistics\/largest-cities-density- 125 (2007)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_46_2","unstructured":"Kristy\u00a0Nicole Clark. 2021. Collaborative Telehealth Approach Where Traditional Care Fails: Diabetes Care Network. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. Clarion University of Pennsylvania and Edinboro University."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICONIC.2018.8601289"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toshka Coleman Sarina Till Jaydon Farao Londiwe Shandu Nonkululeko Khuzwayo Livhuwani Muthelo Masenyani Mbombi Mamare Bopape Alastair van Heerden Tebogo Mothiba et\u00a0al. 2023. Reconsidering priorities for digital maternal and child health: community-centered perspectives from South Africa. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 7 CSCW2 (2023) 1\u201331.","DOI":"10.1145\/3610081"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anna Colom. 2022. Using WhatsApp for focus group discussions: Ecological validity inclusion and deliberation. Qualitative Research 22 3 (2022) 452\u2013467.","DOI":"10.1177\/1468794120986074"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sunny Consolvo Predrag Klasnja David\u00a0W McDonald James\u00a0A Landay et\u00a0al. 2014. Designing for healthy lifestyles: Design considerations for mobile technologies to encourage consumer health and wellness. Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Human\u2013Computer Interaction 6 3\u20134 (2014) 167\u2013315.","DOI":"10.1561\/1100000040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AF Crawshaw C Hickey LM Lutumba LM Kitoko SL Nkembi F Knights Y Ciftci T Vandrevala AS Forster and S Hargreaves. 2022. A community-based participatory approach to engaging Congolese migrants in intervention co-design. European Journal of Public Health 32 Supplement_3 (2022) ckac129\u2013160.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckac129.160"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_52_2","volume-title":"Successes and Failures in Telehealth Conference 2017 (SFT-17)","author":"Deacon Anthony\u00a0James","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anthony\u00a0James Deacon, JJ Chee, WJR Chang, and BA Harbourne. 2017. Mobile applications for diabetes mellitus self-management: A systematic narrative analysis. In Successes and Failures in Telehealth Conference 2017 (SFT-17)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2160673.2160680"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174112"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tigestu\u00a0Alemu Desse Kevin\u00a0Mc Namara and Elizabeth Manias. 2024. Patient-Perceived Challenges to Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Qualitative Exploratory Study. The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care 50 6 (2024) 456\u2013468.","DOI":"10.1177\/26350106241279809"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120504901116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_57_2","unstructured":"Anwaitu\u00a0Fraser Egba Akawuku\u00a0Ifeanyi Godspower Alade\u00a0Samuel Mayowa and Iduh Blessing. [n. d.]. Development of a Diabetes Mellitus Diagnostic System Using Self-Organizing Map Algorithm: A Machine Learning Approach. ([n. d.])."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_58_2","volume-title":"R","author":"Elugbe B.","year":"2008","unstructured":"B. Elugbe. 2008. Nigerian Pidgin English: phonology. In R, Masthrie and R.\u00a0Mesthrie (Eds.). Africa, South and South East Asia. Mouton de Gruyter, Varieties of English."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3577050"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3661455.3669899"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3661455.3669899"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helen\u00a0NC Fu Jean\u00a0F Wyman Cynthia\u00a0J Peden-McAlpine Claire\u00a0Burke Draucker Titus Schleyer and Terrence\u00a0J Adam. 2023. App design features important for diabetes self-management as determined by the self-determination theory on motivation: content analysis of survey responses from adults requiring insulin therapy. JMIR diabetes 8 1 (2023) e38592.","DOI":"10.2196\/38592"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_63_2","unstructured":"Rosendy Galabo Badziili Nthubu Leon Cruickshank and David Perez. 2020. Redesigning a workshop from physical to digital: Principles for designing distributed co-design approaches. (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bill Gaver Tony Dunne and Elena Pacenti. 1999. Design: cultural probes. interactions 6 1 (1999) 21\u201329.","DOI":"10.1145\/291224.291235"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadezhda Glezeva Master Chisale Kenneth McDonald Mark Ledwidge Joe Gallagher and Chris\u00a0J Watson. 2018. Diabetes and complications of the heart in Sub-Saharan Africa: an urgent need for improved awareness diagnostics and management. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 137 (2018) 10\u201319.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esther\u00a0CL Goh and Nur\u00a0Hafizah Binte\u00a0Rafie. 2024. Using whatsApp video call to reach large survey sample of low-income children during covid-19: a mixed method post-hoc analysis. International Journal of Social Research Methodology 27 3 (2024) 341\u2013356.","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2023.2170571"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enying Gong Shaira Baptista Anthony Russell Paul Scuffham Michaela Riddell Jane Speight Dominique Bird Emily Williams Mojtaba Lotfaliany and Brian Oldenburg. 2020. My diabetes coach a mobile app\u2013based interactive conversational agent to support type 2 diabetes self-management: randomized effectiveness-implementation trial. Journal of medical Internet research 22 11 (2020) e20322.","DOI":"10.2196\/20322"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.\u00a0S. Greaves and P. Stephen. 2015. Time-Series Analysis of Continuously Monitored Blood Glucose: The Impacts of Geographic and Daily Lifestyle Factors. Journal of Diabetes Research (2015) 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/804341"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alemu K Abane A Munthali A Awoke T Mariwah S-Chamdimba E Owusu SA Robson E Castelli M Shkedy Z Shawa N Abel J Kasim\u00a0A. Hampshire\u00a0K Mwase-Vuma\u00a0T. 2021. Informal mhealth at scale in Africa: Opportunities and challenges. World Dev 140 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105257"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_70_2","unstructured":"Mohamed Hassanein Khalifa Abdallah and Mehmet\u00a0Akif Buyukbese. 2016. Introduction to the IDF-DAR Practical Guidelines. IDF-DAR Practical Guidelines: map of contributor nationalities and country affiliations (2016) 7."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stacey Hokke Naomi\u00a0J Hackworth Nina Quin Shannon\u00a0K Bennetts Hnin\u00a0Yee Win Jan\u00a0M Nicholson Lawrie Zion Jayne Lucke Patrick Keyzer and Sharinne\u00a0B Crawford. 2018. Ethical issues in using the internet to engage participants in family and child research: A scoping review. PloS one 13 9 (2018) e0204572.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204572"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincent Idemyor. 2010. Diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa: health care perspectives challenges and the economic burden of disease. Journal of the National Medical Association 102 7 (2010) 650\u2013653.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-9684(15)30643-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_73_2","unstructured":"Mark\u00a0Chukwuemeka Idoko VU Delunzu and Ugochukwu\u00a0Solomon Ugochukwu. 2025. ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN PORT HARCOURT RIVERS STATE NIGERIA. American Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences 13 1 (2025) 1\u201331."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asanthika Imbulpitiya Jacqueline Whalley and Mali Senapathi. 2023. Reflections on Conducting Online Think-Alouds. ACM Inroads 14 2 (2023) 26\u201334.","DOI":"10.1145\/3596917"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usen\u00a0E. Inyang and Preye\u00a0Rachael Hamilton.2025. Neocolonialism and the African Identity Crisis: Implications for Economic Independence and Thought Leadership. African and Global Issues 5 1 (2025).","DOI":"10.69778\/2710-0073\/2025\/5.1\/a2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_76_2","unstructured":"Albert Ip and Sandra Wills. 2002. Guidelines for Moderators of Online Role Play. (2002)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3448696.3448700"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariam Jacobs-Basadien Shaun Pather and Fazlyn Petersen. 2024. The role of culture in the adoption of mobile applications for the self-management of diabetes in low resourced urban communities. Universal Access in the Information Society 23 2 (2024) 743\u2013763.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-022-00951-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2493432.2493444"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prabath Jayathissa and Roshan Hewapathirana.2023. Enhancing interoperability among health information systems in low-and middle-income countries: a review of challenges and strategies. rXiv:2309.12326 (2023).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4538571"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_81_2","unstructured":"Nkechi\u00a0Martha Johnson and Omisore\u00a0Olabayo Kehinde. 2025. Dietary Educational Program and Its Effect on the Knowledge of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Rivers State Nigeria. International Journal of Current Science Research and Review (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_82_2","unstructured":"N.\u00a0M. Johnson and O.\u00a0O. Kehinde. 2025. Dietary Educational Program and Its Effect on the Knowledge of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Rivers State Nigeria. International Journal of Current Science Research and Review (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salaki\u00a0Reynaldo Joshua Wasim Abbas and Je-Hoon Lee. 2022. M-Healthcare Model: An Architecture for a Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Mobile Application. Applied Sciences 13 1 (2022) 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13010008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMCE.2008.4617976"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raphaela\u00a0E Kaisler and Benjamin Missbach. 2020. Co-creating a patient and public involvement and engagement \u2018how to\u2019guide for researchers. Research involvement and engagement 6 (2020) 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40900-020-00208-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2826165.2826227"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jane Katusiime and Niels Pinkwart. 2019. A review of privacy and usability issues in mobile health systems: Role of external factors. Health informatics journal 25 3 (2019) 935\u2013950.","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458217733121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_88_2","volume-title":"More than Numbers: Designing Effective Diabetes Decision Support","author":"Katz D.","year":"2017","unstructured":"D. Katz. 2017. More than Numbers: Designing Effective Diabetes Decision Support. CHI. Denver."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3643834.3661625"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_90_2","unstructured":"Muhammad\u00a0Salman Khan. 2022. Covid-19 and Interview Mode Debates: Reflections on Using WhatsApp for Voice-only Interviewing. (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillary Kipruto Derrick Muneene Benson Droti Violet Jepchumba Chukwudi\u00a0Joseph Okeibunor Juliet Nabyonga-Orem and Humphrey\u00a0Cyprian Karamagi. 2022. Use of digital health interventions in sub-saharan africa for health systems strengthening over the last 10 years: a scoping review protocol. Frontiers in Digital Health 4 (2022) 874251.","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2022.874251"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonja Klingberg Molebogeng Motlhatlhedi Gugulethu Mabena Tebogo Mooki Nervo Verdezoto Melissa Densmore Shane\u00a0A Norris and CoMaCH Network. 2022. \u201cMust you make an app?\u201d A qualitative exploration of socio-technical challenges and opportunities for designing digital maternal and child health solutions in Soweto South Africa. PLOS Global Public Health 2 12 (2022) e0001280.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001280"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christiana\u00a0Leesi Kpe-Nogbana and Obomanu Millicent. 2025. Correlates of Preventive Behaviour Towards Diabetes Mellitus Among The Elderly In Port Harcourt Metropolis Rivers State Nigeria. International Journal of African Development and Sustainable Research (2025).","DOI":"10.70382\/nijadsr.v7i2.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ignat Kulkov Anastasia Tsvetkova and Maria Ivanova-Gongne. 2023. Identifying institutional barriers when implementing new technologies in the healthcare industry. European Journal of Innovation Management 26 4 (2023) 909\u2013932.","DOI":"10.1108\/EJIM-02-2021-0093"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peter A\u00a0Kwaku Kyem. 2016. Mobile phone Expansion and Opportunities for E-Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa. The electronic Journal of information systems in developing countries 75 1 (2016) 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1681-4835.2016.tb00548.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams KA Lamptey P Hesp C Luk R Aerts\u00a0A. Labrique\u00a0AB Wadhwani\u00a0C. 2018. Best practices in scaling digital health in low and middle income countries. Global Health 14 1 (2018).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-018-0424-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_97_2","unstructured":"E Lambo. 2015. Primary health care: realities challenges and the way forward. a paper presented at the first annual primary health care lecture. Abuja:(2015).\u201d."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300389"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaimaa Lazem Danilo Giglitto Makuochi\u00a0Samuel Nkwo Hafeni Mthoko Jessica Upani and Anicia Peters. 2021. Challenges and paradoxes in decolonising HCI: A critical discussion. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) (2021) 1\u201338.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-021-09398-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu Le Zixin Wang Danny Huang Yaxing Yao and Yuan Tian. 2024. Towards Real-time Voice Interaction Data Collection Monitoring and Ambient Light Privacy Notification for Voice-controlled Services. Symposium on Usable Security and Privacy (USEC) 2024.","DOI":"10.14722\/usec.2024.23039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-85729-224-7_22"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafael Oliveira\u00a0Pitta Lopes Sara\u00a0Rodrigues Chagas Eduardo da\u00a0Silva Gomes Joice Cesar de\u00a0Aguiar Barbosa \u00cdtalo\u00a0Rodolfo Silva and Marcos Ant\u00f4nio\u00a0Gomes Brand\u00e3o. 2024. Benchmarking mobile applications for the health of people with Diabetes Mellitus. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 32 (2024) e4221.","DOI":"10.1590\/1518-8345.7182.4221"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_103_2","unstructured":"Joseph\u00a0G Mallia. 2013. Experimenting with role-play in sub-Saharan students\u2019 EFL classrooms. (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_104_2","unstructured":"Maurice Mars and Richard\u00a0E Scott. 2016. Whatsapp in clinical practice: A literature. The Promise of New Technologies in an Age of New Health Challenges 24 (2016) 82."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert Mash Darcelle Schouw and Alex\u00a0Emilio Fischer. 2022. Evaluating the implementation of the GREAT4Diabetes WhatsApp chatbot to educate people with type 2 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic: convergent mixed methods study. JMIR diabetes 7 2 (2022) e37882.","DOI":"10.2196\/37882"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2664591.2664629"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azwihangwisi\u00a0Helen Mavhandu-Mudzusi Idah Moyo Andile Mthombeni Anza Ndou Lucas Mamabolo Thembinkosi Ngwenya Tlhomaro Marebane and Tshifhiwa Netshapapame. 2022. WhatsApp as a qualitative data collection method in descriptive phenomenological studies. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 21 (2022) 16094069221111124.","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069221111124"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elliot Mbunge John Batani Goabaone Gaobotse and Benhildah Muchemwa. 2022. Virtual healthcare services and digital health technologies deployed during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in South Africa: a systematic review. Global health journal 6 2 (2022) 102\u2013113.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glohj.2022.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3283458.3283487"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2908805.2909423"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518970"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isabel Mendez Elizabeth\u00a0A Lundeen Magon Saunders Alexis Williams Jinan Saaddine and Ann Albright. 2022. Diabetes self-management education and association with diabetes self-care and clinical preventive care practices. The science of diabetes self-management and care 48 1 (2022) 23\u201334.","DOI":"10.1177\/26350106211065378"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_114_2","unstructured":"Lilly Mensah. 2015. Young Ghanaian Tech Enthusiast Creates App to Ward off Diabetes. https:\/\/globalpressjournal.com\/africa\/ghana\/young-ghanaian-tech-enthusiast-creates-app-to-ward-off-diabetes\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laurel\u00a0H Messer Ananta Addala and Stuart\u00a0A Weinzimer. 2023. Real-world diabetes technology: overcoming barriers and disparities. Diabetes Technology Therapeutics 25 S1 (2023) S\u2013176.","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2023.2511"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Metiboba. 2009. Primary Health Care Services for effective Health Care Development in Nigeria: a study of selected rural communities. Journal of Research in National Development 7 2 (2009).","DOI":"10.4314\/jorind.v7i2.50952"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_117_2","volume-title":"Constructing Identities through Storytelling in Diabetes Management","author":"Miller A.","year":"2010","unstructured":"A. Miller, L. Mamykina, and E.\u00a0G. Mynatt. 2010. Constructing Identities through Storytelling in Diabetes Management. CHI. Atlanta."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nobuhiro Mizuno and Ryosuke Okazawa. 2009. Colonial experience and postcolonial underdevelopment in Africa. Public Choice 141 (2009) 405\u2013419.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11127-009-9461-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yidnekachew\u00a0Girma Mogessie Blaise Ntacyabukura Dawit\u00a0Tesfagiorgis Mengesha Mohamed\u00a0Babiker Musa Marie-Claire Wangari Nsabimana Claude Nit Buntongyi and Don\u00a0Eliseo Lucero-Prisno\u00a0III. 2021. Digital health and COVID-19: challenges of use and implementation in sub-Saharan Africa. Pan African Medical Journal 38 1 (2021).","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2021.38.240.27948"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3628096.3629043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayesha\u00a0A Motala Jean\u00a0Claude Mbanya Kaushik Ramaiya Fraser\u00a0J Pirie and Kenneth Ekoru. 2022. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and opportunities. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 18 4 (2022) 219\u2013229.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00613-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3628096.3629049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esther Mufunda Bj\u00f6rn Albin and Katarina Hjelm. 2012. Differences in health and illness beliefs in Zimbabwean men and women with diabetes. The open nursing journal 6 (2012) 117.","DOI":"10.2174\/1874434601206010117"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhillon JS Alkawsi G Baashar\u00a0Y. Mustafa\u00a0AS Ali\u00a0N. 2022. User Engagement and Abandonment of mHealth: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Healthcare. PMCID 10 2 (2022) 221.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10020221"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziyanda Mwanda. 2022. Text Voice-notes and Emojis: Exploring the use of WhatsApp as a responsive research method for qualitative studies. Critical Studies in Teaching and Learning 10 1 (2022) 78\u201392.","DOI":"10.14426\/cristal.v10i1.423"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_126_2","unstructured":"Lameck Mwewa and N Bidwell. 2015. African narratives in technology research design. At the intersection of indigenous and traditional knowledge and technology design 353 (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3283458.3283472"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. Ncayiyana and S.\u00a0O. Oti. 2021. Decolonising global health: where are the Southern voices? BMJ Global Health 6 (2021) 7. 10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006576","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006576"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3628096.3629080"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francisco Nunes Nervo Verdezoto Geraldine Fitzpatrick Morten Kyng Erik Gr\u00f6nvall and Cristiano Storni. 2015. Self-care technologies in HCI: Trends tensions and opportunities. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 22 6 (2015) 1\u201345.","DOI":"10.1145\/2803173"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laura\u00a0Barbosa Nunes J\u00e9ssica Caroline\u00a0dos Santos Ilka\u00a0Afonso Reis and Helo\u00edsa de\u00a0Carvalho Torres. 2021. Atitudes para o autocuidado em diabetes mellitus tipo 2 na Aten\u00e7\u00e3o Prim\u00e1ria. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem 34 (2021) eAPE001765.","DOI":"10.37689\/acta-ape\/2021AO001765"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_132_2","unstructured":"Edmund\u00a0Chinem Nwokaeze and Goodnews\u00a0Izunna Uchendu. 2025. Urbanization and Purpose-use Change in Diobu Port Harcourt Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Science 9 2 (2025) 68\u201376."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edmond Li Cynthia N. Chaibva Raquel Gomez Bravo Lana Kovacevic Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng Olivia Lounsbury et\u00a0al O\u2019Brien Niki. 2023. Strengths weaknesses opportunities and threats analysis of the use of digital health technologies in primary health care in the Sub-Saharan African Region: qualitative study. Journal of medical Internet research 25 e45224 (2023).","DOI":"10.2196\/45224"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yvonne O\u2019Connor and John O\u2019Donoghue. 2015. Contextual barriers to mobile health technology in African Countries: A perspective piece. (2015).","DOI":"10.7309\/jmtm.4.1.7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American\u00a0Association of Diabetes\u00a0Educators. 2020. An effective model of diabetes care and education: revising the AADE7 Self-Care Behaviors\u00ae. The Diabetes Educator 46 2 (2020) 139\u2013160.","DOI":"10.1177\/0145721719894903"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AO Ogbera O Dada F Adeleye and PI Jewo. 2010. Complementary and alternative medicine use in diabetes mellitus. West African journal of medicine 29 3 (2010).","DOI":"10.4314\/wajm.v29i3.68213"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ochieng\u2019 Ogodo. 2023. Dozens of telehealth companies are innovating in Africa.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02089-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julius\u00a0Olasunmibo Ogunniyi Justice\u00a0Ono Emuoyibofarhe and Michael\u00a0Adeyemi Olamoyegun. 2021. Tele-Healthcare Monitoring System-Based for the Management of Diabetes Emergencie. (2021).","DOI":"10.4236\/etsn.2021.104005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margaret\u00a0Isioma Ojeahere Sarah\u00a0Kanana Kiburi Paul Agbo Rakesh Kumar and Florence Jaguga. 2022. Telehealth interventions for substance use disorders in low-and-middle income countries: A scoping review. PLOS Digital Health 1 11 (2022) e0000125.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2851581.2856467"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I.\u00a0E. Okon and C. Ogba. 2018. The Impacts of Crude Oil Exploitation on Soil in Some Parts of Ogoni Region Rivers State Southern Nigeria. Open Access Library Journal 5 (2018) 7.","DOI":"10.4236\/oalib.1104297"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friday Okonofua Lorretta\u00a0Favour Ntoimo Rosemary Ogu and Maradona Isikhuemen. 2025. Public Policy and Health System Responses to Diabetes Mellitus in Nigeria: A Call for Reform. Health Systems Reform 11 1 (2025) 2477941.","DOI":"10.1080\/23288604.2025.2477941"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-90238-4_39"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Olamoyegun OJ Emuoyibofarhe OA Ala and E Ugwu. 2020. Mobile phone use in the management of diabetes in Nigeria: A new potential weapon. West Afr J Med 37 3 (2020) 201\u2013208.","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.37.29.25174"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aborisade Olasunkanmi. 2011. Development in Africa: The need for a culture-sensitive approach. Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology 2 2 (2011) 97\u2013101.","DOI":"10.1080\/09766634.2011.11885553"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gloria\u00a0Anyango Ooko. 2023. In pursuit of a \u201csafe\u201d space for political participation: A study of selected WhatsApp communities in Kenya. Journalism and Media 4 2 (2023) 506\u2013529.","DOI":"10.3390\/journalmedia4020032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lisa Orii Caryl Feldacker Hannock Tweya and Richard Anderson. 2024. eHealth Data Security and Privacy: Perspectives from Diverse Stakeholders in Malawi. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 8 CSCW1 Article 46 (April 2024) 26\u00a0pages. 10.1145\/3637323","DOI":"10.1145\/3637323"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephen Osborne Madeline Powell Maria Cucciniello and Joanne Macfarlane. 2022. It is a relay not a sprint! Evolving co-design in a digital and virtual environment: neighbourhood services for elders. Global Public Policy and Governance 2 4 (2022) 518\u2013538.","DOI":"10.1007\/s43508-022-00053-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medge\u00a0D Owen Hebah\u00a0M Ismail David Goodman Mariam Batakji Sung\u00a0Min Kim Adeyemi Olufolabi and Emmanuel\u00a0K Srofenyoh. 2022. Use of WhatsApp messaging technology to strengthen obstetric referrals in the Greater Accra Region Ghana: findings from a feasibility study. PLoS One 17 4 (2022) e0266932.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266932"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jennifer O\u2019Brien Ellie Fossey and Victoria\u00a0J Palmer. 2021. A scoping review of the use of co-design methods with culturally and linguistically diverse communities to improve or adapt mental health services. Health Social Care in the Community 29 1 (2021) 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul\u00a0B Paulus and Jared\u00a0B Kenworthy. 2019. Effective brainstorming. The Oxford handbook of group creativity and innovation (2019) 287\u2013305.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190648077.013.17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_152_2","unstructured":"Fazlyn Petersen. 2021. Impact of Culture on the Adoption of Diabetes Self-Management Applications: Cape Flats South Africa. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2108.09953 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fazlyn Petersen Afeefa Brown Shaun Pather and William\u00a0D Tucker. 2020. Challenges for the adoption of ICT for diabetes self-management in South Africa. The electronic journal of information systems in developing countries 86 5 (2020) e12113.","DOI":"10.1002\/isd2.12113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millie Phiri and Allen Munoriyarwa. 2023. Health chatbots in Africa: scoping review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 25 (2023) e35573.","DOI":"10.2196\/35573"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erika\u00a0S Poole. 2013. HCI and mobile health interventions: how human\u2013computer interaction can contribute to successful mobile health interventions. Translational behavioral medicine 3 4 (2013) 402\u2013405.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13142-013-0214-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercy\u00a0Mammah Popoola. 2005. Living with diabetes: The holistic experiences of Nigerians and African Americans. Holistic Nursing Practice 19 1 (2005) 10\u201316.","DOI":"10.1097\/00004650-200501000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jessie Pullar Luke Allen Nick Townsend Julianne Williams Charlie Foster Nia Roberts Mike Rayner Bente Mikkelsen Francesco Branca and Kremlin Wickramasinghe. 2018. The impact of poverty reduction and development interventions on non-communicable diseases and their behavioural risk factors in low and lower-middle income countries: a systematic review. PloS one 13 2 (2018) e0193378.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193378"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2347635.2347647"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581324"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3283458.3283504"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbara Singer Caitlin\u00a0M Walsh Lucky Gondwe Katie Reynolds Emily Lawrence and Alinafe Kasiya. 2023. WhatsApp as a medium to collect qualitative data among adolescents: lessons learned and considerations for future use. Gates Open Research 4 130 (2023) 130.","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.13169.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peter Slattery Alexander\u00a0K Saeri and Peter Bragge. 2020. Research co-design in health: a rapid overview of reviews. Health research policy and systems 18 (2020) 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-020-0528-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nwokedi C. N. Tomoh B. O. Mustapha A. Y. Mbata A. O.-Balogun O. D.\u00a0... Soyege O.\u00a0S. and D.\u00a0R. Iguma. 2025. Health informatics in developing countries: Challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences 7 3 (2025).","DOI":"10.51594\/ijarss.v7i3.1847"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Victor Stephani Daniel Opoku and David Beran. 2018. Self-management of diabetes in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. BMC public health 18 (2018) 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6050-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315709550-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3536169.3537786"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrea Timothy David Coetzee Christopher Morgan Margaret Kelaher Ross\u00a0Stewart Bailie and Margie Danchin. 2021. Using an adaptive codesign approach to strengthen clinic-level immunisation services in Khayelitsha Western Cape Province South Africa. BMJ Global Health 6 3 (2021) e004004.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-004004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IMITEC50163.2020.9334079"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Tripathi. 2013. Hormones and related drugs. In Essentials of medical pharmacology ( 258 (2013).","DOI":"10.5005\/jp\/books\/12021_21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vivian\u00a0C Tuei Geoffrey\u00a0K Maiyoh and Chung-Eun Ha. 2010. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in sub-Saharan Africa. Diabetes\/metabolism research and reviews 26 6 (2010) 433\u2013445.","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.1106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrew\u00a0E Uloko Baba\u00a0M Musa Mansur\u00a0A Ramalan Ibrahim\u00a0D Gezawa Fabian\u00a0H Puepet Ayekame\u00a0T Uloko Musa\u00a0M Borodo and Kabiru\u00a0B Sada. 2018. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetes mellitus in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Therapy 9 (2018) 1307\u20131316.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-018-0441-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chioma Unachukwu Seye Babatunde and Anele\u00a0E Ihekwaba. 2007. Diabetes hand and\/or foot ulcers: a cross-sectional hospital-based study in Port Harcourt Nigeria. Diabetes research and clinical practice 75 2 (2007) 148\u2013152.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2006.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Unachukwu and D.\u00a0Y. Uchenna. 2008. Mortality among Diabetes In-Patients in Port-Harcourt Nigeria. African Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 7 (2008) 1.","DOI":"10.4314\/ajem.v7i1.57567"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chanel van Zyl Marelise Badenhorst Susan Hanekom and Martin Heine. 2021. Unravelling \u2019low-resource settings\u2019: a systematic scoping review with qualitative content analysis. BMJ Global Health 6 6 (2021). 10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-005190","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-005190"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2307096.2307099"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose Wiles Amanda Coffey Judy Robison and Jon Prosser. 2012. Ethical regulation and visual methods: Making visual research impossible or developing good practice? Sociological Research Online 17 1 (2012) 3\u201312.","DOI":"10.5153\/sro.2274"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Victoria Williams and Carrie Kovarik. 2018. WhatsApp: an innovative tool for dermatology care in limited resource settings. Telemedicine and e-Health 24 6 (2018) 464\u2013468.","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2017.0197"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heike Winschiers-Theophilus and Nicola\u00a0J Bidwell. 2013. Toward an Afro-Centric indigenous HCI paradigm. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 29 4 (2013) 243\u2013255.","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2013.765763"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_179_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1900441.1900443"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heike Winschiers-Theophilus Naska Goagoses Erkki R\u00f6tk\u00f6nen and Tariq Zaman. 2022. Pushing political cultural and geographical boundaries: Distributed co-design with children from Namibia Malaysia and Finland. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction 31 (2022) 100439.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcci.2021.100439"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376227"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_182_2","unstructured":"Jones Yeboah Sophia Bampoh and Annu\u00a0Sible Prabhakar. 2024. An Initial Study Review of Designing a Technology Solution for Women in Technologically Deprived Areas or Low Resource Constraint Communities. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2406.11186 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_183_2","first-page":"714","volume-title":"AMIA annual symposium proceedings","author":"Yen Po-Yin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Po-Yin Yen and Suzanne Bakken. 2009. A comparison of usability evaluation methods: heuristic evaluation versus end-user think-aloud protocol\u2013an example from a web-based communication tool for nurse scheduling. In AMIA annual symposium proceedings , Vol.\u00a02009. 714."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_184_2","unstructured":"Odunayo Yewande YA Adekunle OD Alao MO Agbaje and Ebiesuwa Seun. 2020. Development of a Health Information Exchange (HIE) system using the Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) Technology. Am. J. Eng. Res 3 26 (2020) 1\u201310."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2327857917061010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paolo Zanaboni Emanuele Lettieri et\u00a0al. 2011. Institutionalizing telemedicine applications: the challenge of legitimizing decision-making. Journal of medical Internet research 13 3 (2011) e1669.","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1669"}],"event":{"name":"Africhi 2025: The 5th Biennial African Human Computer Interaction Conference","acronym":"Africhi 2025","location":"Cairo Egypt"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial African Human-Computer Interaction Conference"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3757232.3757233","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T13:45:49Z","timestamp":1762263949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3757232.3757233"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"references-count":185,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3757232.3757233","10.1145\/3757232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3757232.3757233","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}