{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T23:54:11Z","timestamp":1781913251986,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"7","funder":[{"name":"EPSRC and Microsoft Research UK Ltd","award":["EP\/W522077\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/W522077\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Spreadsheet collaboration provides valuable opportunities for learning and expertise sharing between colleagues. Sharing expertise is essential for the retention of important technical skillsets within organisations, but previous studies suggest that spreadsheet experts often fail to disseminate their knowledge to others. We suggest that social norms and beliefs surrounding the value of spreadsheet use significantly influence user engagement in sharing behaviours. To explore this, we conducted 31 semi-structured interviews with professional spreadsheet users from two separate samples. We found that spreadsheet providers face challenges in adapting highly personalised strategies to often subjective standards and in evaluating the appropriate social timing of sharing. In addition, conflicted self-evaluations of one's spreadsheet expertise, dismissive normative beliefs about the value of this knowledge, and concerns about the potential disruptions associated with collaboration can further deter sharing. We suggest that these observations reflect the challenges of long-term learning in feature-rich software designed primarily with initial learnability in mind. We therefore provide implications for design to navigate this tension. Overall, our findings demonstrate how the complex interaction between technology design and social dynamics can shape collaborative learning behaviours in the context of feature-rich software.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3757411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T17:06:01Z","timestamp":1760634361000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["'How Do You Know That Stuff?': Barriers to Expertise Sharing Among Spreadsheet Users"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2154-5695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing (Nancy)","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5401-3478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Advait","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, University College London, London, United Kingdom, and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2846-2592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duncan P.","family":"Brumby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2231-2964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna L.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/91478.91485"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69746-3_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270610650139"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270310463626"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"Powell","author":"Baker Kenneth R.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kenneth R. Baker, Lynn Foster-Johnson, Barry Lawson, and Stephen G. Powell. 2006. A Survey, of MBA Spreadsheet Users,. (2006)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","volume-title":"Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory","author":"Bandura Albert","unstructured":"Albert Bandura. 1986. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3114830"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.kmrp.8500090"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208311"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2441776.2441885"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-02217-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/irmj.2002040102"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/25148669"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/259038"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0735-2751.00041"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1216295.1216317"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557118"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39062-3_27"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","volume-title":"Carroll and Mary Beth Rosson","author":"John","year":"1987","unstructured":"John M. Carroll and Mary Beth Rosson. 1987. Paradox of the Active User,. In Interfacing Thoughts, : Cognitive Aspects, of Human-Computer Interaction,. MIT Press, Cambridge, 80-111."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","article-title":"Spreadsheet Errors, and Decision Making, : Evidence, from Field Interviews","volume":"19","author":"Caulkins Jonathan P","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jonathan P Caulkins, Erika Layne Morrison, and Timothy Weidemann. 2007. Spreadsheet Errors, and Decision Making, : Evidence, from Field Interviews,. Journal of Organisational and End User Computing, Vol. 19 (2007).","journal-title":"Journal of Organisational and End User Computing"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3501833"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642443"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLHCC.2018.8506568"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3594671.3594680"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2659796"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.1993.133"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grenville J. Croll. 2007. The Importance and Criticality of Spreadsheets in the City of London . (2007). doi:10.48550\/ARXIV.0709.4063","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.0709.4063"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3393934.3278136"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3340531.3411962"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279720"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20380\/GI2017.03"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJWBC.2019.103186"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-11-2022-0933"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518956"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2901790.2901849"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anna Gausen Bhaskar Mitra and Si\u00e2n Lindley. 2023. A Framework for Exploring the Consequences of AI-Mediated Enterprise Knowledge Access and Identifying Risks to Workers . arXiv:2312.10076 [cs]","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658900"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","volume-title":"Collaborative Editors","author":"Giannisakis Emmanouil","unstructured":"Emmanouil Giannisakis, Jessalyn Alvina, Andrea Bunt, Parmit Chilana, and Joanna McGrenere. 2022. Promoting Feature Awareness, by Leveraging Collaborators, ' Usage Habits, in Collaborative Editors. In Graphics Interface, ."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07370024.2014.881668"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518803"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1866029.1866054"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","unstructured":"European Spreadsheet Risks Interest Group. 2022. Horror Stories ."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","volume-title":"Triangulation: Establishing, the Validity, of Qualitative Studies","author":"Guion Lisa A","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lisa A Guion, David C Diehl, and Debra McDonald. 2002. Triangulation: Establishing, the Validity, of Qualitative Studies,. University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences working paper FCS6014."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. In The Work of Representation, Stuart Hall (Ed.). Sage","author":"Hall Stuart","year":"1997","unstructured":"Stuart Hall. 1997. Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. In The Work of Representation, Stuart Hall (Ed.). Sage, London, 13-74. HM101. R442 1997","journal-title":"London"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jvlc.1993.1003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER.2016.86"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2015.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1985793.1985855"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSM.2012.6405300"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2007.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2006.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23339"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9204250"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bas Jansen. 2015. Enron versus EUSES : A Comparison of Two Spreadsheet Corpora . arXiv:1503.04055 [cs] doi:10.48550\/arXiv.1503.04055","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1503.04055"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray E Jennex. 2006. Knowledge Management in Modern Organizations . (2006).","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59904-261-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376230"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/25148670"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2015.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VL\/HCC50065.2020.9127288"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300570"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","volume-title":"Qualitative Methods and Analysis in Organizational Research: A, Practical Guide","author":"King Nigel","unstructured":"Nigel King. 1998. Template Analysis. In Qualitative Methods and Analysis in Organizational Research: A, Practical Guide. Sage Publications Ltd, Thousand Oaks, CA, 118-134."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","unstructured":"Andrea Kohlhase Michael Kohlhase and Ana Guseva. 2015. Context in Spreadsheet Comprehension . (2015) 21-27."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2046396.2046437"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v7i1.14413"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2686612.2686620"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2807442.2807482"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","unstructured":"Ida Larsen-Ledet Bhaskar Mitra and Si\u00e2n Lindley. 2022. Ethical and Social Considerations in Automatic Expert Identification and People Recommendation in Organizational Knowledge Management Systems . arXiv:2209.03819 [cs]"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2007.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12186-019-09228-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1970378.1970380"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2019.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/108844.108867"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000712600161646"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2501988.2501996"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/215585.215636"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270010350002"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2466442"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1622176.1622214"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/503376.503406"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1229855.1229858"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_83_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Graphics Interface, 2000 Conference. 187-196","author":"Mcgrenere Joanna","year":"2000","unstructured":"Joanna Mcgrenere and Gale Moore. 2000. Are We All In, the Same, ''Bloat''?. In Proceedings of the Graphics Interface, 2000 Conference. 187-196."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.26.3.322"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90040-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-09-2020-0664"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-01-2019-0029"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/169059.169126"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_89_1","volume-title":"Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation","author":"Hirotaka Takeuchi Nonaka","unstructured":"Ikujir=o Nonaka and Hirotaka Takeuchi. 1995. The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese, Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation. Oxford University Press, New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173973"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1602.02601"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858131"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-021-01694-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/02635570010353938"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/sth.2013.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-0068-0_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-011-9138-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2187980.2188202"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270510602746"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VL\/HCC50065.2020.9127271"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3582741"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_102_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Psychology of Programming Interest Group (PPIG","author":"Sarkar Advait","year":"2018","unstructured":"Advait Sarkar and Andrew D Gordon. 2018. How Do People Learn to Use Spreadsheets? (Work, in Progress). In Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Psychology of Programming Interest Group (PPIG, 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VL\/HCC53370.2022.9833131"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLHCC.2005.34"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3627508.3638296"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_106_1","unstructured":"(Spreadsheet Engineering Research Project) SERP. 2005. SERP Survey Results . https:\/\/faculty.tuck.dartmouth.edu\/images\/uploads\/faculty\/serp\/serp_results.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLHCC.2017.8103463"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445634"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250171105"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/K-07-2020-0465"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-005-9007-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-07-2020-0530"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2009.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173859"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726706071527"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3477495.3532007"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VL\/HCC60511.2024.00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359266"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_119_1","unstructured":"Pingjing Yang Ti-Chung Cheng Sajjadur Rahman Mangesh Bendre Karrie Karahalios and Aditya Parameswaran. 2020. Understanding Data Analysis Workflows on Spreadsheets : Roadblocks and Opportunities. (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14778238.2020.1866444"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2016.1172459"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3757411","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T01:53:20Z","timestamp":1760666000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3757411"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3757411"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3757411","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}