{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T02:11:04Z","timestamp":1760667064143,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Social virtual worlds provide students in remote online courses with a unique approach to collaborative work and social interactions. However, the use of social virtual worlds in online learning raises concerns about what privacy and ethical issues students might encounter. To shed light on this topic, we examined college students' (\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n            = 68) ethical and privacy concerns about using social virtual worlds in multiple class sessions, courses, universities, virtual environments, and technologies. Students revealed (a) struggling to manage their identity between classmates and strangers, (b) discomfort over violations of their avatars' personal space, (c) problems of vulnerable populations experiencing harassment, nudity, and loneliness, and (d) concern over companies tracking and storing user data. In addition, the students described the technological advantages that mitigated their privacy and ethical concerns. We discuss the implications of our findings for the future of collaborative learning and the design of social virtual worlds.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3757428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T17:06:01Z","timestamp":1760634361000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Students' Privacy and Ethical Concerns of Using Social Virtual Worlds for Online Learning"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3506-2362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakki O.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Journalism and Communication, University of Oregon, Portland, Oregon, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4956-147X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyue (Sally)","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5240-6166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea Stevenson","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6657-3886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun Joo (Grace)","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5357-2366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blair","family":"MacIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Art, Media, and Design, Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2021. Title ix and sex discrimination. https:\/\/www2.ed.gov\/about\/offices\/list\/ocr\/docs\/tix_dis.html Publisher: US Department of Education (ED)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"2023. Higher education virtual reality vr education software & augmented reality learning - victoryxr. https:\/\/www.victoryxr.com\/higher-education\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"2024. Roblox Corporate. https:\/\/corp.roblox.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"2024. Roblox Education. https:\/\/education.roblox.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Thomas Alsop. 2022. AR\/VR headset shipments by market 2021-2026. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1301629\/arvr-headset-shipments-by-market\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104121"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.1909"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/1054746041944803"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toward a definition of ''virtual worlds","volume":"1","author":"Bell Mark","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mark Bell. 2008. Toward a definition of ''virtual worlds''. Journal of Virtual Worlds Research 1, 1 (July 2008). https: \/\/www.learntechlib.org\/p\/177609\/ Publisher: Journal of Virtual Worlds Research.","journal-title":"Journal of Virtual Worlds Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018708813711"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0305764810110106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3316\/INFORMIT.100090654035368"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3185-5_58"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Total users of selected virtual platforms worldwide","author":"Dixon Stacy Jo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stacy Jo Dixon. 2023. Total users of selected virtual platforms worldwide 2021. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/ 1280597\/global-total-users-virtual-platforms\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517641"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3462204.3481772"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3585088.3589374"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.12.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3432938"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3512932"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204494"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"60","article-title":"Creating inclusive environments: The mediating effect of faculty and staff validation on the relationship of discrimination\/bias to students' sense of belonging","volume":"1","author":"Hurtado S.","year":"2021","unstructured":"S. Hurtado, A. Ruiz Alvarado, and C. Guillermo-Wann. 2021. Creating inclusive environments: The mediating effect of faculty and staff validation on the relationship of discrimination\/bias to students' sense of belonging. Journal Committed to Social Change on Race and Ethnicity, 1 (1), 60-80. (June 2021). https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/5z7283g0","journal-title":"Journal Committed to Social Change on Race and Ethnicity"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2023.1177429"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/160940691000900202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0001126"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"Jonathan Kwan. 2023. Care ethics. https:\/\/www.scu.edu\/ethics\/ethics-resources\/ethical-decision-making\/careethics\/ care-ethics.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3352\/jeehp"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Digital body, identity and privacy in social virtual reality: A systematic review. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 3","author":"Lin Jinghuai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jinghuai Lin and Marc Erich Latoschik. 2022. Digital body, identity and privacy in social virtual reality: A systematic review. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 3 (2022). https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frvir.2022.974652"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1538192707302801"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW52623.2021.00056"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"CSCW2","author":"Maloney Divine","year":"2020","unstructured":"Divine Maloney, Guo Freeman, and Donghee YvetteWohn. 2020. '' Talking without a voice'': Understanding non-verbal communication in social virtual reality. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4, CSCW2 (2020), 1-25. Publisher: ACM New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35745\/eiet2022v02.01.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11052412"},{"volume-title":"The ethics of information technologies","author":"Nissenbaum Helen","key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Helen Nissenbaum. 2017. Protecting privacy in an information age: The problem of privacy in public. In The ethics of information technologies. Routledge. Num Pages: 38."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2019.1623698"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104643"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2016.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3303772.3303832"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3384657.3384784"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/csd.2017.0042"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.futures.2006.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15534510.2012.670906"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1592761.1592778"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000039"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2014.198"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-020-01054-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2015.1107167"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1940-1639.1071"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-022-00205-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Metaverse: Market data & analysis. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/study\/132822\/metaverse-marketreport\/","author":"Trenker Jonah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jonah Trenker. 2023. Metaverse: Market data & analysis. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/study\/132822\/metaverse-marketreport\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Meyer","author":"Velasquez Manuel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andr\u00e9, Thomas Shanks, J S, and Michael J. Meyer. 2014. Rights. https:\/\/www.scu.edu\/ethics\/ ethics-resources\/ethical-decision-making\/rights\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"Manuel Velasquez Dennis Moberg Michael J. Meyer Thomas Shanks Margaret R. McLean David DeCosse Claire Andr\u00e9 Kirk O. Hanson Irina Raicu and Jonathan Kwan. 2021. A framework for ethical decision making. https:\/\/www.scu.edu\/ethics\/ethics-resources\/a-framework-for-ethical-decision-making\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"Bryan Walsh. 2020. How an AI grading system ignited a national controversy in the U.K. https:\/\/www.axios.com\/2020\/08\/19\/england-exams-algorithm-grading"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3476078"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2022.3210828"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/iLRN47897.2020.9155201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051221087255"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3757428","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T01:56:09Z","timestamp":1760666169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3757428"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3757428"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3757428","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2573-0142"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}