{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T13:53:50Z","timestamp":1771336430422,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As a flexible, scalable, and affordable learning paradigm, live-streaming-based learning (LS learning) has become increasingly popular among older adults, shaping a digitally mediated ''silver classroom''. Despite its growing prevalence and its potential to address gaps in lifelong learning access and educational equity, meet older adults' learning needs, enhance their social connection, this learning paradigm remains largely underexplored in the CSCW literature. Given older adults' unique learning characteristics in terms of motivations, expectations, and learning abilities, it is critical to deeply examine their LS learning behaviors and experiences to inform better design. This study presents an empirical study in China to unpack this LS-based silver classroom phenomenon, focusing on its infrastructure, practices and lived experiences. Our findings reveal a human-technology integrated infrastructure alongside a volunteer-based, self-organized, autonomous collaborative community, which works together in fostering a supportive LS learning environment for older adults and meeting their additional emotional and social needs. We discuss how these sociotechnical arrangements shape the unique learning experiences of older adults and highlight the opportunities and challenges in designing for later-life learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3757436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T17:06:01Z","timestamp":1760634361000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Live, Learn, and Connect: Unpacking Live-Streaming-Based Silver Classroom in China"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2211-0935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ethan Z.","family":"Rong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8282-5645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jifan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7761-6351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhicong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1726-5913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuling","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"It is really competitive to get into university of the thrid age within China. https:\/\/new.qq.com\/rain\/a\/20221111A04E8L00","author":"Herald Century Business","unstructured":"21st Century Business Herald. 2021. It is really competitive to get into university of the thrid age within China. https:\/\/new.qq.com\/rain\/a\/20221111A04E8L00."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327051HCI1523_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Older people's adoption of e-learning services: A qualitative study of facilitators and barriers. Gerontology & geriatrics education 41, 3","author":"Bai Xue","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xue Bai, Yiqin He, and Florian Kohlbacher. 2020. Older people's adoption of e-learning services: A qualitative study of facilitators and barriers. Gerontology & geriatrics education 41, 3 (2020), 291-307."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2111-1_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Education and learning for the elderly: Why, how, what. Educational gerontology 36, 3","author":"Boulton-Lewis Gillian M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gillian M Boulton-Lewis. 2010. Education and learning for the elderly: Why, how, what. Educational gerontology 36, 3 (2010), 213-228."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology 3, 2","author":"Braun Virginia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology 3, 2 (2006), 77-101."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858379"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su151310594"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.734812"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300668"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Taiwan's Senior Learning Movement: Perspectives from outside in and from inside out","author":"Chen Gong","unstructured":"Gong Chen and Yang Wang. 2022. Never Too Old to Learn: Development, Challenges and Strategies of Education for Older Adults in Mainland China. In Taiwan's Senior Learning Movement: Perspectives from outside in and from inside out. Springer, 39-53."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on HumanComputer Interaction 4, CSCW3","author":"Chen Xinyue","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xinyue Chen, Si Chen, Xu Wang, and Yun Huang. 2021. '' I was afraid, but now I enjoy being a streamer!'' Understanding the Challenges and Prospects of Using Live Streaming for Online Education. Proceedings of the ACM on HumanComputer Interaction 4, CSCW3 (2021), 1-32."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581299"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445428"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Luigina Ciolfi Myriam Lewkowicz and Kjeld Schmidt. [n. d.]. CSCW: History Core Issues and Approaches in Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. ([n. d.])."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"P John Clarkson Roger Coleman Simeon Keates and Cherie Lebbon. 2013. Inclusive design: Design for the whole population. (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"People CN. 2022. Digital infrastructure: Building a solid foundation for the digital future. http:\/\/finance.people.com. cn\/n1\/2022\/1111\/c1004-32563996.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2531602.2531657"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449178"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"National Health Commission. 202National Communiqu\u00e9 on the Development of Aging Undertakings.https: \/\/www.gov.cn\/fuwu\/2022-10\/26\/content_5721786.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Basics of qualitative research","author":"Corbin Juliet","unstructured":"Juliet Corbin and Anselm Strauss. 2015. Basics of qualitative research. Vol. 14. sage."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-007-0142-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Beijign Youth Daily. 202Elderly Edication is Confronting Shortfalls.http:\/\/epaper.ynet.com\/html\/2021-12\/08\/ content_388553.htm?div=-1."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Educational process in E-learning activity for elderly people: a systematic review. Interactive Learning Environments","author":"de Oliveira Emerson Rog\u00e9rio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Emerson Rog\u00e9rio de Oliveira Jr and Adriano Pasqualotti. 2023. Educational process in E-learning activity for elderly people: a systematic review. Interactive Learning Environments (2023), 1-16."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Sally Dench and Joan Regan. 2000. Learning in later life: Motivation and impact. DfEE Nottingham."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/231212"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818048.2819924"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VL\/HCC51201.2021.9576481"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2541016.2541040"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274319"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Renewing Universities of the Third Age: Challenges and visions for the future. Recerca. Revista de pensament i an\u00e0lisi 9","author":"Formosa Marvin Formosa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marvin Formosa Formosa. 2009. Renewing Universities of the Third Age: Challenges and visions for the future. Recerca. Revista de pensament i an\u00e0lisi 9 (2009), 171-196."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Value-sensitive design. interactions 3, 6","author":"Friedman Batya","year":"1996","unstructured":"Batya Friedman. 1996. Value-sensitive design. interactions 3, 6 (1996), 16-23."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376439"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"329","article-title":"Older adults and e-learning: Opportunities and barriers","volume":"8","author":"Githens Rod P","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rod P Githens. 2007. Older adults and e-learning: Opportunities and barriers. Quarterly Review of Distance Education 8, 4 (2007), 329.","journal-title":"Quarterly Review of Distance Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Snowball sampling. The annals of mathematical statistics","author":"Goodman Leo A","year":"1961","unstructured":"Leo A Goodman. 1961. Snowball sampling. The annals of mathematical statistics (1961), 148-170."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2022.102870"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3512918"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025945"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3677106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3501995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581195"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1912352"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Asynchronous and synchronous e-learning. Educause quarterly 31, 4","author":"Hrastinski Stefan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stefan Hrastinski. 2008. Asynchronous and synchronous e-learning. Educause quarterly 31, 4 (2008), 51-55."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/504696.504699"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Motivations for learning among older adults in a learning in retirement institute. Educational gerontology 30, 6","author":"Kim Ahjin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ahjin Kim and Sharan B Merriam. 2004. Motivations for learning among older adults in a learning in retirement institute. Educational gerontology 30, 6 (2004), 441-455."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03601270490445069"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580671"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449220"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642898"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2020.100759"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"An Empirical Examination of Instructional Design and Practice Based on MOOC. In 2022 4th International Conference on Computer Science and Technologies in Education (CSTE). IEEE, 31-38","author":"Liu Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei Liu and Shu Zhao. 2022. How Elderly Learners Participate in MOOC? An Empirical Examination of Instructional Design and Practice Based on MOOC. In 2022 4th International Conference on Computer Science and Technologies in Education (CSTE). IEEE, 31-38."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41039-019-0104-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"Beijing News. 2023. Older adults in short videos: the capable in the digital age. http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/tech\/ 20231117\/c4ac8cfc3e27418b9dd8cfbba8a2e9c2\/c.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Learn both online and offline! Under the ''silver wave'', the education of the elderly is popular. https:\/\/new.qq.com\/rain\/a\/20211204A0A8PZ00","author":"News Changjiang","unstructured":"Changjiang News. 2021. Learn both online and offline! Under the ''silver wave'', the education of the elderly is popular. https:\/\/new.qq.com\/rain\/a\/20211204A0A8PZ00."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Human-Engaged Health Care Services Recommendation for Aging and Long-term Care. In 2019 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD). IEEE, 339-344","author":"Ni Liuqian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liuqian Ni, Yuling Sun, Yanqin Yang, and Liang He. 2019. Human-Engaged Health Care Services Recommendation for Aging and Long-term Care. In 2019 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD). IEEE, 339-344."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","unstructured":"Japan Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology. 2020. The Trend of Lifelong Learning in Japan. https:\/\/uil.unesco.org\/system\/files\/confintea_vii_-_ne_sub-regional_consultation_-_japan.pdfsuchman1987plans."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"The State Council General Office. 2016. Development Plan for Elderly Education. https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/content\/ 2016-10\/19\/content_5121344.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"The State Council General Office. 2022. The overall layout plan for the construction of digital China. https:\/\/www.gov. cn\/zhengce\/2023-02\/27\/content_5743484.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2022. Ageing and health. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ageing-andhealth#: :text=By%202030%2C%201%20in%206 will%20double%20(2.1%20billion)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on human-computer interaction 3, CSCW","author":"Pradhan Alisha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alisha Pradhan, Leah Findlater, and Amanda Lazar. 2019. '' Phantom Friend'' or'' Just a Box with Information'' Personification and Ontological Categorization of Smart Speaker-based Voice Assistants by Older Adults. Proceedings of the ACM on human-computer interaction 3, CSCW (2019), 1-21."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"The learning needs of older adults. Educational gerontology 29, 2","author":"Purdie Nola","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nola Purdie and Gillian Boulton-Lewis. 2003. The learning needs of older adults. Educational gerontology 29, 2 (2003), 129-149."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","unstructured":"SWS Research. 2022. Kuaishou: the community of ''bros'' is breaking the circle Accessed: 2022-11-15. and the monetization of short videos is in progress. https:\/\/pdf.dfcfw.com\/pdf\/H3_AP202112171535046977_1.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2017.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479506"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3637299"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479524"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","article-title":"Older adults in lifelong learning: Participation and successful aging","volume":"34","author":"Sloane-Seale Atlanta","year":"2008","unstructured":"Atlanta Sloane-Seale and Bill Kops. 2008. Older adults in lifelong learning: Participation and successful aging. Canadian Journal of University Continuing Education 34, 1 (2008).","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of University Continuing Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/192844.193021"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Plans and situated actions: The problem of human-machine communication","author":"Suchman Lucille Alice","unstructured":"Lucille Alice Suchman. 1987. Plans and situated actions: The problem of human-machine communication. Cambridge university press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173866"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557248"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2675133.2675195"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","volume-title":"2017 IEEE 21st International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD). IEEE, 233-238","author":"Sun Yuling","unstructured":"Yuling Sun, Tun Lu, and Ning Gu. 20A method of electronic health data quality assessment: Enabling data provenance. In 2017 IEEE 21st International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD). IEEE, 233-238."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3610178"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579475"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3641977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","unstructured":"John Swaffield. 2024. Why seniors should embrace lifelong learning. (2024). https:\/\/taking.care\/blogs\/resources-advice\/ seniors-embrace-lifelong-learning'srsltid=AfmBOor6AoqjLleHjspg158WrWfLFCZbyJ9QqKTsf6TfdcPlu14hfyxD"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0360127950210505"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, CSCW2","author":"Tang Xinru","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xinru Tang, Yuling Sun, Bowen Zhang, Zimi Liu, RAY Lc, Zhicong Lu, and Xin Tong. 2022. '' I Never Imagined Grandma Could Do So Well with Technology'' Evolving Roles of Younger Family Members in Older Adults' Technology Learning and Use. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, CSCW2 (2022), 1-29."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","unstructured":"Kong Saoane Thach Reeva Lederman and Jenny Waycott. 2021. Adoption of videoconferencing for social connectedness among older adults: a systematic review. (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","unstructured":"The New York Times. 2021. Remote Learning Isn't Just for Kids. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/02\/09\/education\/onlinelearning-older-adults.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lcsi.2020.100466"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2020.1810643"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470662"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3637295"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376781"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00344966"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2019.1706288"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3610032"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03601277.2019.1581444"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445240"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445512"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3564855"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580839"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2675133.2675217"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCWD.2018.8465191"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Longjun Zhou Shanshan Wu Ming Zhou and Fangmei Li. 2020. 'School's out but class' on' the largest online education in the world today: Taking China's practical exploration during The COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control as an example. Best evid chin edu 4 2 (2020) 501-519.","DOI":"10.15354\/bece.20.ar023"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3757436","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T01:59:38Z","timestamp":1760666378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3757436"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3757436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3757436","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}