{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T02:40:19Z","timestamp":1760668819525,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Traditional history education often fails to cultivate historical empathy due to rigid curricula and limited opportunities for personalized, emotionally resonant engagement. We explore the potential of LLM-based historical personas to address these gaps by enabling students to engage in real-time, conversational interactions with simulated historical figures. A formative study with teachers and students surfaced key challenges and expectations around AI-mediated historical dialogue, informing the development of\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Baseline<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Experimental<\/jats:italic>\n            HistoChat, AI persona systems featuring differing prompting strategies. A subsequent user study showed that these interactions fostered deeper inquiry, curiosity, and emotional engagement-while also revealing key limitations. From a CSCW perspective, this work expands the role of AI from task assistant to epistemic partner, contributing to ongoing discourse on how dialogic systems can support meaning-making, empathy, and co-constructed learning in educational settings. Our findings yield valuable insights into the impact of tailored AI interactions on personalized and empathetic history education.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3757534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T16:59:10Z","timestamp":1760633950000},"page":"1-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["'HistoChat': Leveraging AI-Driven Historical Personas for Personalized and Engaging Middle School History Education"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8316-8954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeon Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3616-0467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Seung","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3793-6801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangsu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9235-9947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tak Yeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"The use of generative AI in education: Applications, and impact. Technology and the Curriculum","author":"Abunaseer Heyam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heyam Abunaseer. 2023. The use of generative AI in education: Applications, and impact. Technology and the Curriculum: Summer 2023, Vol. X, Y (2023), xx-yy."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.3c00323"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1475939X.2019.1612772"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlp.2024.100065"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"xx","article-title":"Exploring the boundaries of reality: investigating the phenomenon of artificial intelligence hallucination in scientific writing through ChatGPT references","volume":"15","author":"Athaluri Sai Anirudh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sai Anirudh Athaluri, Sandeep Varma Manthena, VSR Krishna Manoj Kesapragada, Vineel Yarlagadda, Tirth Dave, and Rama Tulasi Siri Duddumpudi. 2023. Exploring the boundaries of reality: investigating the phenomenon of artificial intelligence hallucination in scientific writing through ChatGPT references. Cureus, Vol. 15, 4 (2023), xx-yy.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/00933104.2020.1808131","article-title":"Students' and teachers' beliefs about historical empathy in secondary history education","volume":"48","author":"Bartelds Hanneke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hanneke Bartelds, Geerte M Savenije, and Carla Van Boxtel. 2020. Students' and teachers' beliefs about historical empathy in secondary history education. Theory & Research in Social Education, Vol. 48, 4 (2020), 529-551.","journal-title":"Theory & Research in Social Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410610508"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/365181.365182"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00933104.2011.10473452"},{"volume-title":"What is history?","author":"Carr Edward Hallett","key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Edward Hallett Carr. 2018. What is history?, Penguin UK, London."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"lucy chabot. 1990. Nixon Library Technology Lets Visitors 'Interview' Him. https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1990-07-21-mn-346-story.html. [Accessed 30-10-2024]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11280-024-01276-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-05643-7_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yulin Chen Ning Ding Hai-Tao Zheng Zhiyuan Liu Maosong Sun and Bowen Zhou. 2024a. Empowering Private Tutoring by Chaining Large Language Models. arXiv:2309.08112 [cs.HC] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2309.08112","DOI":"10.1145\/3627673.3679665"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"120","volume-title":"The Psychologist","volume":"26","author":"Clarke Victoria","year":"2013","unstructured":"Victoria Clarke and Virginia Braun. 2013. Teaching thematic analysis: Overcoming challenges and developing strategies for effective learning. The Psychologist, Vol. 26 (02 2013), 120-123."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/text-2014-0018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Paul M Camic, Debra L Long, AT Panter, David Ed Rindskopf, and Kenneth J Sher.","author":"Harris","year":"2012","unstructured":"Harris Ed Cooper, Paul M Camic, Debra L Long, AT Panter, David Ed Rindskopf, and Kenneth J Sher. 2012. APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol 2: Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological., American Psychological Association, Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.88.4.715"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00933104.2007.10473352"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Brigham Young University","author":"Department of History","year":"2024","unstructured":"Department of History, Brigham Young University. 2024. Historical Empathy. https:\/\/history.byu.edu\/historical-empathy Published by the BYU Department of History."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Over-scripting CSCL: The risks of blending collaborative learning with instructional design. Three worlds of CSCL. Can we support CSCL?","author":"Dillenbourg Pierre","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pierre Dillenbourg. 2002. Over-scripting CSCL: The risks of blending collaborative learning with instructional design. Three worlds of CSCL. Can we support CSCL?, Vol. 1, 1 (2002), 61-91."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00933104.2010.10473415"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/SSRP-01-2013-B0003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2023.2195846","article-title":"A SWOT analysis of ChatGPT: Implications for educational practice and research","volume":"61","author":"Farrokhnia Mohammadreza","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohammadreza Farrokhnia, Seyyed Kazem Banihashem, Omid Noroozi, and Arjen Wals. 2024. A SWOT analysis of ChatGPT: Implications for educational practice and research. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, Vol. 61, 3 (2024), 460-474.","journal-title":"Innovations in Education and Teaching International"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781849208574"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Henner Gimpel Kristina Hall Stefan Decker Torsten Eymann Luis L\u00e4mmermann Alexander M\u00e4dche Maximilian R\u00f6glinger Caroline Ruiner Manfred Schoch Mareike Schoop et al. 2023. Unlocking the power of generative AI models and systems such as GPT-4 and ChatGPT for higher education: A guide for students and lecturers. Technical Report. Hohenheim Discussion Papers in Business Economics and Social Sciences."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.bea-1.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-0417(99)00005-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"Shibo Hao Yi Gu Haotian Luo Tianyang Liu Xiyan Shao Xinyuan Wang Shuhua Xie Haodi Ma Adithya Samavedhi Qiyue Gao Zhen Wang and Zhiting Hu. 2024. LLM Reasoners: New Evaluation Library and Analysis of Step-by-Step Reasoning with Large Language Models. arXiv:2404.05221 [cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2404.05221"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18546\/HERJ.04.2.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2007.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Freudbot: An investigation of chatbot technology in distance education. In EdMedia innovate learning","author":"Heller Bob","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bob Heller, Mike Proctor, Dean Mah, Lisa Jewell, and Bill Cheung. 2005. Freudbot: An investigation of chatbot technology in distance education. In EdMedia innovate learning. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE), Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE), Chesapeake, VA, 3913-3918."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21532974.2024.2431747"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579628"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23204-7_14"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Zijuan Lin, Liyang Zhou, Chenyu Ran, Lingfeng Xiao, Chenglin Wu, and J\u00fcrgen Schmidhuber.","author":"Hong Sirui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sirui Hong, Mingchen Zhuge, Jonathan Chen, Xiawu Zheng, Yuheng Cheng, Ceyao Zhang, Jinlin Wang, Zili Wang, Steven Ka Shing Yau, Zijuan Lin, Liyang Zhou, Chenyu Ran, Lingfeng Xiao, Chenglin Wu, and J\u00fcrgen Schmidhuber. 2024. MetaGPT: Meta Programming for A Multi-Agent Collaborative Framework. arXiv:2308.00352 [cs.AI] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2308.00352"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10530-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.51219\/JAIMLD\/Martin-Wynn\/07","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and corporate digital responsibility","volume":"1","author":"Jones Peter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peter Jones and Martin G Wynn. 2023. Artificial intelligence and corporate digital responsibility. Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Data Science, Vol. 1, 2 (2023), 50-58.","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Data Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.56442\/ijble.v4i2.215","article-title":"Empowering education through Generative AI: Innovative instructional strategies for tomorrow's learners","volume":"4","author":"Kadaruddin Kadaruddin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kadaruddin Kadaruddin. 2023. Empowering education through Generative AI: Innovative instructional strategies for tomorrow's learners. International Journal of Business, Law, and Education, Vol. 4, 2 (2023), 618-625.","journal-title":"International Journal of Business, Law, and Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.4218\/etrij.2023-0322","article-title":"AI-based language tutoring systems with end-to-end automatic speech recognition and proficiency evaluation","volume":"46","author":"Kang Byung Ok","year":"2024","unstructured":"Byung Ok Kang, Hyung-Bae Jeon, and Yun Kyung Lee. 2024. AI-based language tutoring systems with end-to-end automatic speech recognition and proficiency evaluation. ETRI Journal, Vol. 46, 1 (2024), 48-58.","journal-title":"ETRI Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","first-page":"80","article-title":"Historical Empathy: A Cognitive-Affective Theory for History Education in Canada","volume":"46","author":"Karn Sara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sara Karn. 2023. Historical Empathy: A Cognitive-Affective Theory for History Education in Canada. Canadian Journal of Education, Vol. 46, 1 (2023), 80-110. https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/scholarly-journals\/historical-empathy-cognitive-affective-theory\/docview\/2792103857\/se-2 Copyright - Copyright Canadian Society for the Study of Education 2023; Last updated - 2024-04-16; SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - England; Canada; United Kingdom-UK; Residential Schools; Social Studies; Thinking Skills; Teaching Methods; Cognitive Development; History Instruction.","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sara Karn. 2024. Walking in their footsteps: Historical empathy and experiential learning on battlefield study tours. Historical Encounters A journal of historical consciousness historical cultures and history education Vol. 11 (01 2024) 30-42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52289\/hej11.103","DOI":"10.52289\/hej11.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enkelejda Kasneci Kathrin Se\u00dfler Stefan K\u00fcchemann Maria Bannert Daryna Dementieva Frank Fischer Urs Gasser Georg Groh Stephan G\u00fcnnemann Eyke H\u00fcllermeier et al. 2023. ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education. Learning and individual differences Vol. 103 (2023) 102274.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2023.102274"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenneth R Koedinger Albert Corbett et al. 2006. Cognitive tutors: Technology bringing learning sciences to the classroom. na Unknown.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511816833.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15075614"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020128","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevPhysEducRes.19.020128","article-title":"Can ChatGPT support prospective teachers in physics task development","volume":"19","author":"K\u00fcchemann Stefan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stefan K\u00fcchemann, Steffen Steinert, Natalia Revenga, Matthias Schweinberger, Yavuz Dinc, Karina E Avila, and Jochen Kuhn. 2023. Can ChatGPT support prospective teachers in physics task development? Physical Review Physics Education Research, Vol. 19, 2 (2023), 020128.","journal-title":"Physical Review Physics Education Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Mujeeb Shaik Mohammed, and KG Srinivasa","author":"Kurni Muralidhar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muralidhar Kurni, Mujeeb Shaik Mohammed, and KG Srinivasa. 2023. Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Education. In A Beginner's Guide to Introduce Artificial Intelligence in Teaching and Learning. Springer, Cham, 213-229."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-17187-6_24"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-023-00426-1"},{"volume-title":"How Students Learn: History, Mathematics, and Science in the Classroom","author":"Lee Peter J.","key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"Peter J. Lee. 2005. Putting Principles into Practice: Understanding History. In How Students Learn: History, Mathematics, and Science in the Classroom, M. Suzanne Donovan and John D. Bransford (Eds.). The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 31-78. https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/read\/11100\/chapter\/2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581159"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the NeurIPS 2023 Workshop on Generative AI for Education (GAIED). NeurIPS","author":"Lee Unggi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Unggi Lee, Sanghyeok Lee, Junbo Koh, Yeil Jeong, Haewon Jung, Gyuri Byun, Jewoong Moon, Jieun Lim, and Hyeoncheol Kim. 2023b. Generative Agent for Teacher Training: Designing Educational Problem-Solving Simulations with Large Language Model-based Agents for Pre-Service Teachers. In Proceedings of the NeurIPS 2023 Workshop on Generative AI for Education (GAIED). NeurIPS, New Orleans, LA, USA, xx-yy. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:266874743"},{"volume-title":"Doing history: Investigating with children in elementary and middle schools","author":"Levstik Linda S","key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"Linda S Levstik and Keith C Barton. 2022. Doing history: Investigating with children in elementary and middle schools. Routledge, New York, USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613905.3647957"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3311927.3325336"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"How Historical Empathy Helps Students Understand the World Today. https:\/\/www.facinghistory.org\/ideas-week\/how-historical-empathy-helps-students-understand-world-today Last updated","author":"Mai Lina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lina Mai. 2018. How Historical Empathy Helps Students Understand the World Today. https:\/\/www.facinghistory.org\/ideas-week\/how-historical-empathy-helps-students-understand-world-today Last updated: September 8, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1109\/IVTTA.1998.727691","volume-title":"Proceedings 1998 IEEE 4th Workshop Interactive Voice Technology for Telecommunications Applications. IVTTA '98 (Cat. No.98TH8376)","volume":"1","author":"Marinelli Donald","year":"1998","unstructured":"Donald Marinelli and Scott Stevens. 1998. Synthetic interviews: the art of creating a 'dyad' between humans and machine-based characters. Proceedings 1998 IEEE 4th Workshop Interactive Voice Technology for Telecommunications Applications. IVTTA '98 (Cat. No.98TH8376), Vol. 1, 1 (1998), 43-48. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:33943862"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1145\/3573051.3593393","volume-title":"Proceedings of the tenth acm conference on learning@ scale. Association for Computing Machinery","author":"Markel Julia M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Julia M Markel, Steven G Opferman, James A Landay, and Chris Piech. 2023. Gpteach: Interactive ta training with gpt-based students. In Proceedings of the tenth acm conference on learning@ scale. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 226-236."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2023.2186203"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48136","DOI":"10.2196\/48136","article-title":"Impact of ChatGPT on interdisciplinary nursing education and research","volume":"7","author":"Miao Hongyu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hongyu Miao, Hyochol Ahn, et al., 2023. Impact of ChatGPT on interdisciplinary nursing education and research. Asian\/Pacific Island Nursing Journal, Vol. 7, 1 (2023), e48136.","journal-title":"Asian\/Pacific Island Nursing Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.2022.2155602"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Assigning AI: Seven approaches for students, with prompts. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.10052","author":"Mollick Ethan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ethan Mollick and Lilach Mollick. 2023. Assigning AI: Seven approaches for students, with prompts. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.10052, Vol. N\/A (2023), -."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Personal tutoring: positioning practice in relation to policy","volume":"10","author":"Mynott Gwenda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gwenda Mynott. 2016. Personal tutoring: positioning practice in relation to policy. Innovations in Practice, Vol. 10, 2 (2016), 103-112.","journal-title":"Innovations in Practice"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.46328\/ijte.845","article-title":"Generative AI in Education: Pedagogical, Theoretical, and Methodological Perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Noroozi Omid","year":"2024","unstructured":"Omid Noroozi, Saba Soleimani, Mohammadreza Farrokhnia, and Seyyed Kazem Banihashem. 2024. Generative AI in Education: Pedagogical, Theoretical, and Methodological Perspectives. International Journal of Technology in Education, Vol. 7, 3 (2024), 373-385.","journal-title":"International Journal of Technology in Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2011.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2023. Teaching with AI. https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/teaching-with-ai\/. [Accessed 30-10-2024]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2024. What are tokens and how to count them? https:\/\/help.openai.com\/en\/articles\/4936856-what-are-tokens-and-how-to-count-them OpenAI Help Center."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"Generative AI as a personal tutor for English language learning: A review of benefits and concerns. Available at SSRN 4865398","author":"Pang Samarnh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Samarnh Pang, Engheang Nol, and Kimkong Heng. 2024. Generative AI as a personal tutor for English language learning: A review of benefits and concerns. Available at SSRN 4865398, Vol. 1, 1 (2024), 1-10."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3586183.3606763"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3459990.3460710"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"Good teaching: One size fits all? New directions for adult and continuing education","author":"Pratt Daniel D","year":"2002","unstructured":"Daniel D Pratt. 2002. Good teaching: One size fits all? New directions for adult and continuing education, Vol. 2002, 93 (2002), 5-16."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITEE59582.2023.10317680"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-96960-8_3"},{"volume-title":"ChatGPT and artificial intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide","author":"Sabzalieva Emma","key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","unstructured":"Emma Sabzalieva and Arianna Valentini. 2023. ChatGPT and artificial intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide. UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean (IESALC), Vol. N\/A (2023), N\/A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42087-022-00304-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3555587"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613905.3650860"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03287-x","article-title":"Success through simplicity: what other artificial intelligence applications in medicine should learn from history and ChatGPT","volume":"51","author":"Sedaghat Sam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sam Sedaghat. 2023. Success through simplicity: what other artificial intelligence applications in medicine should learn from history and ChatGPT. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 51, 12 (2023), 2657-2658.","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","volume-title":"A model of historical thinking. Educational philosophy and theory","author":"Seixas Peter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peter Seixas. 2017. A model of historical thinking. Educational philosophy and theory, Vol. 49, 6 (2017), 593-605."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","volume-title":"Richard Shane Tubbs, and Abuzer G\u00fcngor.","author":"Sevgi Umut Tan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Umut Tan Sevgi, G\u00f6kberk Erol, Y\u00fccel Do\u011fruel, Osman Fikret S\u00f6nmez, Richard Shane Tubbs, and Abuzer G\u00fcngor. 2023. The role of an open artificial intelligence platform in modern neurosurgical education: a preliminary study. Neurosurgical review, Vol. 46, 1 (2023), 86."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","first-page":"xx","article-title":"An Evaluation of Khanmigo, a Generative AI Tool, as a Computer-Assisted Language Learning App","volume":"24","author":"Shetye Shamini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shamini Shetye. 2024. An Evaluation of Khanmigo, a Generative AI Tool, as a Computer-Assisted Language Learning App. Studies in Applied Linguistics and TESOL, Vol. 24, 1 (2024), xx-yy.","journal-title":"Studies in Applied Linguistics and TESOL"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103862"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phpro.2012.05.287"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","volume-title":"Debshila Basu Mallick, and Richard G Baraniuk","author":"Sonkar Shashank","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shashank Sonkar, Naiming Liu, Debshila Basu Mallick, and Richard G Baraniuk. 2023. Class: A design framework for building intelligent tutoring systems based on learning science principles. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.13272, Vol. 1, 1 (2023), 1-10."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","unstructured":"Byron Spice. 2009. Carnegie Mellon's Synthetic Interview Technology Enables Virtual Chats With Darwin's Ghost. https:\/\/www.cs.cmu.edu\/news\/2009\/carnegie-mellons-synthetic-interview-technology-enables-virtual-chats-darwins-ghost. [Accessed 30-10-2024]."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13020150"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu-Min Tseng Yu-Chao Huang Teng-Yun Hsiao Yu-Ching Hsu Jia-Yin Foo Chao-Wei Huang and Yun-Nung Chen. 2024. Two tales of persona in llms: A survey of role-playing and personalization. arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.01171 Vol. N\/A (2024) xx-yy.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-emnlp.969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3583780.3615484"},{"volume-title":"Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes","author":"Vygotsky Lev Semenovich","key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","unstructured":"Lev Semenovich Vygotsky. 1978. Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Vol. 86. Harvard university press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15678\/EBER.2023.110201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13116716"},{"volume-title":"Instructional-Design Theories and Models","author":"Watson William R","key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","unstructured":"William R Watson and Sunnie Lee Watson. 2016. Principles for personalized instruction. In Instructional-Design Theories and Models, Volume IV. Routledge, New York, NY, 93-120."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","volume-title":"Historical thinking and other unnatural acts. Phi delta kappan","author":"Wineburg Sam","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sam Wineburg. 2010. Historical thinking and other unnatural acts. Phi delta kappan, Vol. 92, 4 (2010), 81-94."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","unstructured":"Cheng-Kuang Wu Wei-Lin Chen and Hsin-Hsi Chen. 2023. Large Language Models Perform Diagnostic Reasoning. arXiv:2307.08922 [cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2307.08922"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","first-page":"xx","article-title":"Intersections between cognitive-emotion regulation, critical thinking and academic resilience with academic motivation and autonomy in EFL learners: Contributions of AI-mediated learning environments","author":"Yang Chao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chao Yang, Ming Wei, and Qi Liu. 2025. Intersections between cognitive-emotion regulation, critical thinking and academic resilience with academic motivation and autonomy in EFL learners: Contributions of AI-mediated learning environments. British Educational Research Journal, Vol. XX, YY (2025), xx-yy.","journal-title":"British Educational Research Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery","author":"Zamfirescu-Pereira JD","year":"2023","unstructured":"JD Zamfirescu-Pereira, Richmond Y Wong, Bjoern Hartmann, and Qian Yang. 2023. Why Johnny can't prompt: how non-AI experts try (and fail) to design LLM prompts. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1-21."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8812542"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","volume-title":"Simulating classroom education with llm-empowered agents. arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.19226","author":"Zhang Zheyuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheyuan Zhang, Daniel Zhang-Li, Jifan Yu, Linlu Gong, Jinchang Zhou, Zhiyuan Liu, Lei Hou, and Juanzi Li. 2024. Simulating classroom education with llm-empowered agents. arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.19226, Vol. 1 (2024), xx-yy."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3757534","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T02:04:52Z","timestamp":1760666692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3757534"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3757534"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3757534","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2573-0142"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}