{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T14:36:52Z","timestamp":1776091012263,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1948292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1948292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R21HS028104-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21HS028104-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Effective communication is critical for emergency medical teams, especially when distributed providers must collaborate under high-stakes conditions to deliver timely, life-saving care. Traditional communication tools such as radios and phones, while commonly used, are limited to audio-only exchanges-often resulting in misunderstandings, communication breakdowns, and delays in treatment. This study explores the use of smart glasses as an alternative communication tool in prehospital emergency care and examines how their use influences communication dynamics between prehospital providers (e.g., paramedics) and remote emergency physicians, compared to traditional methods (radio and phone). Through simulation-based testing, we found that smart glasses reduced communication breakdowns and facilitated more in-depth, context-rich discussions about patient care. Both EMS providers and physicians viewed the smart glass technology as a promising solution for enabling multimodal communication (e.g., visual, auditory, gestures, text). However, we also identified several challenges associated with its use in near-realistic simulation environments, including the need for overhearing capabilities, issues with visual alignment and motion-induced discomfort, extended interaction times, and concerns around autonomy and privacy. We conclude with a discussion of the design and practical implications of these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3757565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T17:06:01Z","timestamp":1760634361000},"page":"1-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Can you see what I see? Examining the Impact of Smart Glasses on Communication Dynamics in Distributed Emergency Medical Teams"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6973-6903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pace University, New York, NY, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3692-7687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enze","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pace University, New York, NY, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2897-4672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yincao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pace University, New York, NY, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4405-0769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen","family":"Adelgais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5085-5125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Ozkaynak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Designing future disaster response team wearables from a grounding in practice","author":"Alharthi Sultan A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sultan A Alharthi, Hitesh Nidhi Sharma, Sachin Sunka, Igor Dolgov, and Phoebe O Toups Dugas. 2018. Designing future disaster response team wearables from a grounding in practice. In Proceedings of the Technology, Mind, and Society. 1-6.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Technology, Mind, and Society."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Accessed","author":"Authority Firstnet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Firstnet Authority. 2024. Firstnet. https:\/\/firstnet.gov\/about. Accessed: October 28, 2024 Accessed."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings","volume":"2024","author":"Bai Enze","year":"2025","unstructured":"Enze Bai, Zhan Zhang, Yincao Xu, Kathleen Adelgais, and Mustafa Ozkaynak. 2025. Designing for Better Pre-hospital Communication: Participatory Design of a Telemedicine Application for Emergency Departments. In AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 2024. 152."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2005 ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work. 168-176","author":"Bardram Jakob E","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jakob E Bardram and Claus Bossen. 2005. A web of coordinative artifacts: collaborative work at a hospital ward. In Proceedings of the 2005 ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work. 168-176."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008757115404"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1258\/jtt.2011.110203","article-title":"Technical and organisational feasibility of a multifunctional telemedicine system in an emergency medical service-an observational study","volume":"17","author":"Bergrath Sebastian","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sebastian Bergrath, Daniel R\u00f6rtgen, Rolf Rossaint, Stefan K Beckers, Harold Fischermann, J\u00f6rg Ch Brokmann, Michael Czaplik, Marc Felzen, Marie-Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Schneiders, and Max Skorning. 2011. Technical and organisational feasibility of a multifunctional telemedicine system in an emergency medical service-an observational study. Journal of telemedicine and telecare, Vol. 17, 7 (2011), 371-377.","journal-title":"Journal of telemedicine and telecare"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services. 415-424","author":"Bergstrand Fredrik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fredrik Bergstrand and Jonas Landgren. 2011. Visual reporting in time-critical work: exploring video use in emergency response. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services. 415-424."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2016.02.005","article-title":"Inheriting the learner's view: a Google Glass-based wearable computing platform for improving surgical trainee performance","volume":"73","author":"Brewer Zachary E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zachary E Brewer, Hutchinson C Fann, W David Ogden, Thomas A Burdon, and Ahmad Y Sheikh. 2016. Inheriting the learner's view: a Google Glass-based wearable computing platform for improving surgical trainee performance. Journal of surgical education, Vol. 73, 4 (2016), 682-688.","journal-title":"Journal of surgical education"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the.. Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","volume":"2018","author":"Broach John","year":"2018","unstructured":"John Broach, Alexander Hart, Matthew Griswold, Jeffrey Lai, Edward W Boyer, Aaron B Skolnik, and Peter R Chai. 2018. Usability and reliability of smart glasses for secondary triage during mass casualty incidents. In Proceedings of the.. Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Vol. 2018. NIH Public Access, 1416."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"196","volume-title":"Ho Kwon, and Jinwoo Jeong. 2015","volume":"21","author":"Cho Suck Ju","year":"2015","unstructured":"Suck Ju Cho, In Ho Kwon, and Jinwoo Jeong. 2015. Application of telemedicine system to prehospital medical control. Healthcare informatics research, Vol. 21, 3 (2015), 196-200."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Do you see what I see? Insights from using google glass for disaster telemedicine triage. Prehospital and disaster medicine","author":"Cicero Mark X","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mark X Cicero, Barbara Walsh, Yauheni Solad, Travis Whitfill, Geno Paesano, Kristin Kim, Carl R Baum, and David C Cone. 2015. Do you see what I see? Insights from using google glass for disaster telemedicine triage. Prehospital and disaster medicine, Vol. 30, 1 (2015), 4-8."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Herbert H Clark and Susan E Brennan. 1991. Grounding in communication. (1991)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357310"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2063231.2063236"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2021.1968041"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","article-title":"A Next-Generation Augmented Reality Platform for Mass Casualty Incidents (MCI)","volume":"12","author":"Demir Fatih","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fatih Demir, Salman Ahmad, Prasad Calyam, Duo Jiang, Rui Huang, and Isa Jahnke. 2017. A Next-Generation Augmented Reality Platform for Mass Casualty Incidents (MCI). Journal of Usability Studies, Vol. 12, 4 (2017).","journal-title":"Journal of Usability Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00037"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Deborah Estrin, Peter Greenwald, and Alexander Fortenko.","author":"Dinh Alana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alana Dinh, Andrew Lukas Yin, Deborah Estrin, Peter Greenwald, and Alexander Fortenko. 2023. Augmented reality in real-time telemedicine and telementoring: scoping review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, Vol. 11 (2023), e45464."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2190\/016C-JG1D-VE8C-LDPE","article-title":"Technical communication and clinical health care: Improving rural emergency trauma care through synchronous videoconferencing","volume":"33","author":"Doheny-Farina Stephen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stephen Doheny-Farina, Peter W Callas, Michael A Ricci, Michael P Caputo, Judith L Amour, and Fred B Rogers. 2003. Technical communication and clinical health care: Improving rural emergency trauma care through synchronous videoconferencing. Journal of technical writing and communication, Vol. 33, 2 (2003), 111-123.","journal-title":"Journal of technical writing and communication"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Molla S Donaldson Janet M Corrigan and Linda T Kohn. 2000. To err is human: building a safer health system. (2000)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000977","article-title":"Google Glass for residents dealing with pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest: a randomized, controlled, simulation-based study","volume":"18","author":"Drummond David","year":"2017","unstructured":"David Drummond, C\u00e9cile Arnaud, Romain Guedj, Alexandre Duguet, Nathalie De Suremain, and Arnaud Petit. 2017. Google Glass for residents dealing with pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest: a randomized, controlled, simulation-based study. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 18, 2 (2017), 120-127.","journal-title":"Pediatric Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Candice Presseau, Cynthia Mersmann, Bruce Heckman, and Stan Kachnowski.","author":"Edwards Ashley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ashley Edwards, Leslie-Anne Fitzpatrick, Sara Augustine, Alex Trzebucki, Shing Lai Cheng, Candice Presseau, Cynthia Mersmann, Bruce Heckman, and Stan Kachnowski. 2009. Synchronous communication facilitates interruptive workflow for attending physicians and nurses in clinical settings. International journal of medical informatics, Vol. 78, 9 (2009), 629-637."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2007.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X16644115","article-title":"Improved technical performance of a multifunctional prehospital telemedicine system between the research phase and the routine use phase-an observational study","volume":"23","author":"Felzen Marc","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marc Felzen, J\u00f6rg C Brokmann, Stefan K Beckers, Michael Czaplik, Frederik Hirsch, Miriam Tamm, Rolf Rossaint, and Sebastian Bergrath. 2017. Improved technical performance of a multifunctional prehospital telemedicine system between the research phase and the routine use phase-an observational study. Journal of telemedicine and telecare, Vol. 23, 3 (2017), 402-409.","journal-title":"Journal of telemedicine and telecare"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11939","DOI":"10.2196\/11939","article-title":"Technical support by smart glasses during a mass casualty incident: a randomized controlled simulation trial on technically assisted triage and telemedical app use in disaster medicine","volume":"21","author":"Follmann Andreas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andreas Follmann, Marian Ohligs, Nadine Hochhausen, Stefan K Beckers, Rolf Rossaint, and Michael Czaplik. 2019. Technical support by smart glasses during a mass casualty incident: a randomized controlled simulation trial on technically assisted triage and telemedical app use in disaster medicine. Journal of medical Internet research, Vol. 21, 1 (2019), e11939.","journal-title":"Journal of medical Internet research"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/358916.358947"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445576"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011729","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.011729","article-title":"Telemedicine in prehospital acute stroke care","volume":"8","author":"Geisler Frederik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Frederik Geisler, Alexander Kunz, Benjamin Winter, Michal Rozanski, Carolin Waldschmidt, Joachim E Weber, Matthias Wendt, Katja Zieschang, Martin Ebinger, Heinrich J Audebert, et al., 2019. Telemedicine in prehospital acute stroke care. Journal of the American Heart Association, Vol. 8, 6 (2019), e011729.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Heart Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Why and how to approach user experience in safety-critical domains: the example of health care. Human factors","author":"Grundgeiger Tobias","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tobias Grundgeiger, J\u00f6rn Hurtienne, and Oliver Happel. 2021. Why and how to approach user experience in safety-critical domains: the example of health care. Human factors, Vol. 63, 5 (2021), 821-832."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581180"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2016.2593778"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025055829026","article-title":"Making a case in medical work: implications for the electronic medical record","volume":"12","author":"Hartswood Mark","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mark Hartswood, Rob Procter, Mark Rouncefield, and Roger Slack. 2003. Making a case in medical work: implications for the electronic medical record. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), Vol. 12 (2003), 241-266.","journal-title":"Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00752451"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"The use of smart glasses for surgical video streaming. Surgical innovation","author":"Hiranaka Takafumi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Takafumi Hiranaka, Yuta Nakanishi, Takaaki Fujishiro, Yuichi Hida, Masanori Tsubosaka, Yosaku Shibata, Kenjiro Okimura, and Harunobu Uemoto. 2017. The use of smart glasses for surgical video streaming. Surgical innovation, Vol. 24, 2 (2017), 151-154."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7591\/9781501725814"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3375190"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","volume":"6","author":"Jones Brennan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brennan Jones, Anthony Tang, and Carman Neustaedter. 2022. RescueCASTR: Exploring Photos and Live Streaming to Support Contextual Awareness in the Wilderness Search and Rescue Command Post. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 6, CSCW1 (2022), 1-32."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Design, Methods and Applications","author":"Jones Brennan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brennan Jones, Anthony Tang, Carman Neustaedter, Alissa N Antle, and Elgin-Skye McLaren. 2020b. Designing technology for shared communication and awareness in wilderness search and rescue. HCI Outdoors: Theory, Design, Methods and Applications (2020), 175-194."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702345"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Roxana Jafarifiroozabadi, Hunter Rogers, Sahar Mihandoust, Amro Khasawneh, Nathan McNeese, Christine Holmstedt, and James T McElligott.","author":"Joseph Anjali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anjali Joseph, Kapil Chalil Madathil, Roxana Jafarifiroozabadi, Hunter Rogers, Sahar Mihandoust, Amro Khasawneh, Nathan McNeese, Christine Holmstedt, and James T McElligott. 2022. Communication and teamwork during telemedicine-enabled stroke care in an ambulance. Human factors, Vol. 64, 1 (2022), 21-41."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2012.02.025","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of care coordination interventions in the emergency department: a systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Katz Elyse B","year":"2012","unstructured":"Elyse B Katz, Emily R Carrier, Craig A Umscheid, and Jesse M Pines. 2012. Comparative effectiveness of care coordination interventions in the emergency department: a systematic review. Annals of emergency medicine, Vol. 60, 1 (2012), 12-23.","journal-title":"Annals of emergency medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 1-14","author":"Hasan Khan Md Nafiz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Md Nafiz Hasan Khan and Carman Neustaedter. 2019. An exploratory study of the use of drones for assisting firefighters during emergency situations. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 1-14."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Henry Been-Lirn Duh, and Gregory F Welch","author":"Kim Kangsoo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kangsoo Kim, Mark Billinghurst, Gerd Bruder, Henry Been-Lirn Duh, and Gregory F Welch. 2018. Revisiting trends in augmented reality research: A review of the 2nd decade of ISMAR (2008-2017). IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics, Vol. 24, 11 (2018), 2947-2962."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3489849.3489852"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2441776.2441836"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","article-title":"5G-assisted telementored surgery","volume":"106","author":"Lacy AM","year":"2019","unstructured":"AM Lacy, R Bravo, AM Otero-Pi neiro, R Pena, FB De Lacy, R Menchaca, and J 7 M Balibrea. 2019. 5G-assisted telementored surgery. British Journal of Surgery, Vol. 106, 12 (2019).","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Human Factors and Ergonomics of Prehospital Emergency Care","author":"Lazzara Elizabeth H","unstructured":"Elizabeth H Lazzara and Lauren E Benishek. 2017. Exploring telemedicine in emergency medical services: guidance in implementation for practitioners. In Human Factors and Ergonomics of Prehospital Emergency Care. CRC Press, 141-152."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Interaction methods for smart glasses: A survey","author":"Lee Lik-Hang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lik-Hang Lee and Pan Hui. 2018. Interaction methods for smart glasses: A survey. IEEE access, Vol. 6 (2018), 28712-28732."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","first-page":"181","volume-title":"ECSCW 2013: Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work","author":"Ludwig Thomas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thomas Ludwig, Christian Reuter, and Volkmar Pipek. 2013. What you see is what I need: Mobile reporting practices in emergencies. In ECSCW 2013: Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 21-25 September 2013, Paphos, Cyprus. Springer, 181-206."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Research on body-worn cameras: What we know, what we need to know. Criminology & public policy","author":"Lum Cynthia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cynthia Lum, Megan Stoltz, Christopher S Koper, and J Amber Scherer. 2019. Research on body-worn cameras: What we know, what we need to know. Criminology & public policy, Vol. 18, 1 (2019), 93-118."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milisa Manojlovich Julia Adler-Milstein Molly Harrod Anne Sales Timothy P Hofer Sanjay Saint Sarah L Krein et al. 2015. The effect of health information technology on health care provider communication: a mixed-method protocol. JMIR research protocols Vol. 4 2 (2015) e4463.","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.4463"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"Kathryn M McDonald Vandana Sundaram Dena M Bravata Robyn Lewis Nancy Lin Sally A Kraft Moira McKinnon Helen Paguntalan and Douglas K Owens. 2010. Closing the quality gap: a critical analysis of quality improvement strategies (Vol. 7: Care Coordination). (2010)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376622"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818048.2819978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefan Mitrasinovic Elvis Camacho Nirali Trivedi Julia Logan Colson Campbell Robert Zilinyi Bryan Lieber Eliza Bruce Blake Taylor David Martineau et al. 2015. Clinical and surgical applications of smart glasses. Technology and health care Vol. 23 4 (2015) 381-401.","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-150910"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Common ground in electronically mediated communication: Clark's theory of language use. HCI models, theories, and frameworks: Toward a multidisciplinary science","author":"Monk Andrew","year":"2003","unstructured":"Andrew Monk. 2003. Common ground in electronically mediated communication: Clark's theory of language use. HCI models, theories, and frameworks: Toward a multidisciplinary science (2003), 265-289."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Sutharshan Sockalingam, Chun Yoong Cham, and Vicknes Waran.","author":"Munusamy Thangaraj","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thangaraj Munusamy, Ravindran Karuppiah, Nor Faizal A Bahuri, Sutharshan Sockalingam, Chun Yoong Cham, and Vicknes Waran. 2021. Telemedicine via smart glasses in critical care of the neurosurgical patient-COVID-19 pandemic preparedness and response in neurosurgery. World neurosurgery, Vol. 145 (2021), e53-e60."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174231"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3322276.3322277"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","volume":"6","author":"Nicholas Molly Jane","year":"2022","unstructured":"Molly Jane Nicholas, Brian A Smith, and Rajan Vaish. 2022. Friendscope: Exploring In-the-Moment Experience Sharing on Camera Glasses via a Shared Camera. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 6, CSCW1 (2022), 1-25."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.06.016","article-title":"Use of wearable technology in remote evaluation of acute stroke patients: feasibility and reliability of a Google Glass-based device","volume":"28","author":"Noorian Ali Reza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ali Reza Noorian, Mersedeh Bahr Hosseini, Gilda Avila, Richard Gerardi, Anne-Fleur Andrle, Michael Su, Sidney Starkman, Jeffrey L Saver, and Latisha K Sharma. 2019. Use of wearable technology in remote evaluation of acute stroke patients: feasibility and reliability of a Google Glass-based device. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Vol. 28, 10 (2019), 104258.","journal-title":"Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Accessed","author":"The National Association of State EMS Officials.","year":"2020","unstructured":"The National Association of State EMS Officials. 2020. 2020 National EMS Assessment. https:\/\/nasemso.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020-National-EMS-Assessment_Reduced-File-Size.pdf. Accessed: October 31, 2024 Accessed."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-007-9064-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Innovation in Applied Nursing Informatics","author":"Ozkaynak Mustafa","unstructured":"Mustafa Ozkaynak, Ayda Kebapci, Heather Ponicsan, Zhan Zhang, Enze Bai, and Fara Bowler. 2024. Evaluating Smart Glasses for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. In Innovation in Applied Nursing Informatics. IOS Press, 19-24."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"International journal for quality in health care","author":"Patterson Emily S","year":"2004","unstructured":"Emily S Patterson, Emilie M Roth, David D Woods, Ren\u00e9e Chow, and Jos\u00e9 Orlando Gomes. 2004. Handoff strategies in settings with high consequences for failure: lessons for health care operations. International journal for quality in health care (2004), 125-132."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"Ola Pilerot and Hanna Maurin S\u00f6derholm. 2019. A conceptual framework for investigating documentary practices in prehospital emergency care. (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"International journal of medical informatics","author":"Reddy Madhu C","year":"2009","unstructured":"Madhu C Reddy, Sharoda A Paul, Joanna Abraham, Michael McNeese, Christopher DeFlitch, and John Yen. 2009. Challenges to effective crisis management: using information and communication technologies to coordinate emergency medical services and emergency department teams. International journal of medical informatics, Vol. 78, 4 (2009), 259-269."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-018-9339-8","article-title":"RescueGlass: collaborative applications involving head-mounted displays for red cross rescue dog units","volume":"28","author":"Reuter Christian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Christian Reuter, Thomas Ludwig, and Patrick Mischur. 2019. RescueGlass: collaborative applications involving head-mounted displays for red cross rescue dog units. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), Vol. 28 (2019), 209-246.","journal-title":"Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2016.0248","article-title":"A systematic review of the implementation challenges of telemedicine systems in ambulances","volume":"23","author":"Rogers Hunter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hunter Rogers, Kapil Chalil Madathil, Sruthy Agnisarman, Shraddhaa Narasimha, Aparna Ashok, Aswathi Nair, Brandon M Welch, and James T McElligott. 2017. A systematic review of the implementation challenges of telemedicine systems in ambulances. Telemedicine and e-Health, Vol. 23, 9 (2017), 707-717.","journal-title":"Telemedicine and e-Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrew Rowlands. 2003. An evaluation of pre-hospital communication between ambulances and an accident and emergency department.","DOI":"10.1258\/135763303322196277"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2000 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications. ACM, 71-78","author":"Dario","unstructured":"Dario D. Salvucci and Joseph H. Goldberg. 2000. Identifying fixations and saccades in eye-tracking protocols. In Proceedings of the 2000 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications. ACM, 71-78."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2009 ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work. 301-310","author":"Sarcevic Aleksandra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aleksandra Sarcevic and Randall S Burd. 2009. Information handover in time-critical work. In Proceedings of the 2009 ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work. 301-310."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2240156.2240161"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2389176.2389191"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-013-0271-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1-14","author":"Schlosser Paul","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paul Schlosser, Ben Matthews, Isaac Salisbury, Penelope Sanderson, and Sass Hayes. 2021b. Head-worn displays for emergency medical services staff: properties of prehospital work, use cases, and design considerations. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1-14."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102628"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2023.0379"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-013-0064-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","volume-title":"A systematic review of the care coordination measurement landscape. BMC health services research","author":"Schultz Ellen M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ellen M Schultz, Noelle Pineda, Julia Lonhart, Sheryl M Davies, and Kathryn M McDonald. 2013. A systematic review of the care coordination measurement landscape. BMC health services research, Vol. 13 (2013), 1-12."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2009.074211","article-title":"Duration of mission time in prehospital emergency medicine: effects of emergency severity and physicians level of education","volume":"27","author":"Schuster Martin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Martin Schuster, Matthias Pints, and Marko Fiege. 2010. Duration of mission time in prehospital emergency medicine: effects of emergency severity and physicians level of education. Emergency Medicine Journal, Vol. 27, 5 (2010), 398-403.","journal-title":"Emergency Medicine Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","unstructured":"R Sekuler and R Blake. 1994. Perception McGraw-Hill. Inc (1994)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","unstructured":"Anselm Strauss Juliet Corbin et al. 1990. Basics of qualitative research. Vol. 15. sage Newbury Park CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","volume-title":"The challenges of emerging HISs in bridging the communication gaps among physicians and nurses in China: an interview study. BMC medical informatics and decision making","author":"Wen Dong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dong Wen, Xingting Zhang, Jie Wan, Jing Fu, and Jianbo Lei. 2017. The challenges of emerging HISs in bridging the communication gaps among physicians and nurses in China: an interview study. BMC medical informatics and decision making, Vol. 17 (2017), 1-11."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-004-6442-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872096778827206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","volume-title":"Youngho Lee, and Jongmyung Choi.","author":"Yoon Hyoseok","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hyoseok Yoon, Sun Kyung Kim, Youngho Lee, and Jongmyung Choi. 2021. Google glass-supported cooperative training for health professionals: a case study based on using remote desktop virtual support. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare (2021), 1451-1462."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110043","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110043","article-title":"Feasibility of AmbulanCe-Based Telemedicine (FACT) study: safety, feasibility and reliability of third generation in-ambulance telemedicine","volume":"9","author":"Yperzeele Laetitia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laetitia Yperzeele, Robbert-Jan Van Hooff, Ann De Smedt, Alexis Valenzuela Espinoza, Rita Van Dyck, Rohny Van de Casseye, Andre Convents, Ives Hubloue, Door Lauwaert, Jacques De Keyser, et al., 2014. Feasibility of AmbulanCe-Based Telemedicine (FACT) study: safety, feasibility and reliability of third generation in-ambulance telemedicine. PloS one, Vol. 9, 10 (2014), e110043.","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","volume-title":"International journal of medical informatics","author":"Yusof Maryati Mohd","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maryati Mohd Yusof, Jasna Kuljis, Anastasia Papazafeiropoulou, and Lampros K Stergioulas. 2008. An evaluation framework for Health Information Systems: human, organization and technology-fit factors (HOT-fit). International journal of medical informatics, Vol. 77, 6 (2008), 386-398."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/44161"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","volume-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Zhang Zhan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhan Zhang, Enze Bai, Aram Stepanian, Swathi Jagannath, and Sun Young Park. 2024a. Touchless Interaction for Smart Glasses in Emergency Medical Services: User Needs and Experiences. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction (2024), 1-20."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/53157"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluative research of technologies for prehospital communication and coordination: a systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Zhang Zhan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhan Zhang, John Brazil, Mustafa Ozkaynak, and Kristen Desanto. 2020. Evaluative research of technologies for prehospital communication and coordination: a systematic review. Journal of Medical Systems, Vol. 44 (2020), 1-14.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/30883"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479500"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. 934-947","author":"Zhang Zhan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhan Zhang, Aleksandra Sarcevic, and Claus Bossen. 2017. Constructing common information spaces across distributed emergency medical teams. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. 934-947."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","volume-title":"AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings","volume":"2013","author":"Zhang Zhan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhan Zhang, Aleksandra Sarcevic, and Randall S Burd. 2013. Supporting information use and retention of pre-hospital information during trauma resuscitation: a qualitative study of pre-hospital communications and information needs. In AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 2013. American Medical Informatics Association, 1579."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3757565","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3757565","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T02:07:40Z","timestamp":1760666860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3757565"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3757565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3757565","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}