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Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Misinformation and disinformation about elections remain pressing concerns for researchers, policymakers, and the public. Critics, however, argue that fears surrounding these issues are exaggerated due to a lack of evidence of impact. This debate highlights the challenges inherent in assessing the impacts of misinformation, as the drivers of false and misleading content often exist in the context of a specific claim. To address this issue, we examined false and misleading information surrounding the 2020 and 2022 U.S. national elections, focusing on the contextual features of online conversations that fueled various rumors. We developed two qualitative codebooks, creating the second after realizing that the first, which labeled individual tweets, failed to capture broader rumoring dynamics. By integrating multi-layered qualitative coding with thematic analysis and quantitative visualizations, we show how influencers, political elites, and audiences collaboratively told deep stories from 2020 through 2022. As these stories were told, audiences interpreted events in 2022 through the lens of the 2020 story, guided by influencers' cues, leading to an evolution in storytelling style between the two election cycles. This ongoing performance was tailored to align with the incentive structures, affordances, and attention economy of social media. We combine deep stories with theories of collective sensemaking and rumoring, creating a framework to better assess the contextual features surrounding false and misleading information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3757576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T17:32:00Z","timestamp":1760635920000},"page":"1-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Deep Storytelling: Collective Sensemaking and Layers of Meaning in U.S. Elections"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8798-8039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Prochaska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for an Informed Public, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4154-9273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Centered Design &amp; Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2928-8526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas","family":"Lew Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6792-0302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Yamron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Centered Design &amp; Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5635-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvie","family":"Venuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8875-3757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amaya","family":"Kejriwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University, Seattle, WA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7123-1842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1661-4608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Starbird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for an Informed Public, Human Centered Design &amp; Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Allport and Leo Postman","author":"Gordon","year":"1946","unstructured":"Gordon W. 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