{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:32:58Z","timestamp":1760661178439,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The importance of human-centred explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has been widely recognised, leading to a growing focus on users and practitioners during the explanation design and deployment processes. Previous studies have identified that users with different domain expertise may have diverse needs for explainability. However, current XAI research often conflates a user's practical experience with domain expertise, ignoring the distinctions between the two; generally, experience relates to acquiring skill and insight through active participation or observation, while domain expertise denotes a high level of (often highly local and\/or specific) knowledge. This paper investigates the impact of users' practical experience and domain expertise on how AI recommendations are considered in a high-risk decision-making context, using the example of ball bearing fault diagnosis in the manufacturing sector. As an interdisciplinary team of human-computer interaction (HCI) researchers and mechanical engineers, we co-design an XAI-based simulated ball bearing fault diagnostic task. We conduct task-led interviews with several professionals, structured around three distinct decision processes, and use an innovative sketch-based exercise to gather data to demonstrate how their decision-making behaviours change under ML recommendations and AI explanations. Our results show that highly experienced and knowledgeable practitioners understand but rely less on the explanations, while those with high experience but low expertise are more easily misled. Practitioners with high expertise but low experience trust XAI but struggle to use the explanations effectively. Based on these observations, we reflect on our methods and argue for considering both domain expertise and practical experience when designing and deploying AI explanations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3757583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T17:32:00Z","timestamp":1760635920000},"page":"1-40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Domain Experience and Expertise in Explainable AI Applications: A Bearing Fault Diagnosis Case Study"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2340-4920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zibin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6754-6516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Castelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6788-251X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cagatay","family":"Turkay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2870052"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ESIC60604.2024.10481671"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-7527-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-66489-2_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2023.105884"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"Jaakkola","author":"Alvarez-Melis David","year":"2018","unstructured":"David Alvarez-Melis and Tommi S. Jaakkola. 2018. On the Robustness of Interpretability Methods. arXiv:1806.08049 [cs.LG]"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4047855"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2017284.2017290"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijay Arya Rachel K. E. Bellamy Pin-Yu Chen Amit Dhurandhar Michael Hind Samuel C. Hoffman Stephanie Houde Q. Vera Liao Ronny Luss Aleksandra Mojsilovic Sami Mourad Pablo Pedemonte Ramya Raghavendra John Richards Prasanna Sattigeri Karthikeyan Shanmugam Moninder Singh Kush R. Varshney Dennis Wei and Yunfeng Zhang. 2019. One Explanation Does Not Fit All: A Toolkit and Taxonomy of AI Explainability Techniques. arXiv:1909.03012 [cs.AI]","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3375667"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110285"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2023.1199"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/12460125.2021.1958505"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","unstructured":"Michaela Benk Raphael Weibel and Andrea Ferrario. 2022. Creative Uses of AI Systems and their Explanations: A Case Study from Insurance. arXiv:2205.00931 [cs.HC]"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VIS49827.2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118962176"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13042038"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2020.00026","article-title":"Explainable AI in fintech risk management","volume":"3","author":"Bussmann Niklas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Niklas Bussmann, Paolo Giudici, Dimitri Marinelli, and Jochen Papenbrock. 2020. Explainable AI in fintech risk management. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 3 (2020), 26.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AI*IA Workshop on Explainable AI (XAI.it@AI*IA 2020). CEURWorkshop Proceedings, Online event, hosted by University of Bologna, Italy, 80-86","author":"Capone Luca","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luca Capone and Marta Bertolaso. 2020. A Philosophical Approach for a Human-centered Explainable AI. In Proceedings of the AI*IA Workshop on Explainable AI (XAI.it@AI*IA 2020). CEURWorkshop Proceedings, Online event, hosted by University of Bologna, Italy, 80-86. http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2755\/paper10.pdf Open access."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-170150-5.50011-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","first-page":"713","volume-title":"Computer Graphics Forum","volume":"39","author":"Chatzimparmpas Angelos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Angelos Chatzimparmpas, Rafael Messias Martins, Ilir Jusufi, Kostiantyn Kucher, Fabrice Rossi, and Andreas Kerren. 2020. The state of the art in enhancing trust in machine learning models with the use of visualizations. In Computer Graphics Forum, Vol. 39. Wiley, Virtual Conference (originally scheduled for Norrk\u00f6ping, Sweden), 713-756. doi:10. 1111\/cgf.14034 State-of-the-Art Report presented at EuroVis 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3430010"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-27961-4_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-020-01600-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","unstructured":"Margaret T. H. Chi Robert Glaser and Eleanor Rees. 1981. Expertise in Problem Solving. Technical Report LRDC-1981\/3. Learning Research and Development Center University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA. http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/cgibin\/ GetTRDoc?AD=ADA100138"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312702032002003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cogmi62246.2024.00028"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/obhd.1995.1107"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00131728609335764"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2022.102792"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2020.3022983"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.03.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app122010323"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3561048"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","volume-title":"Riedl","author":"Ehsan Upol","year":"2020","unstructured":"Upol Ehsan and Mark O. Riedl. 2020. Human-Centered Explainable AI: Towards a Reflective Sociotechnical Approach. In HCI International 2020 - Late Breaking Papers: Multimodality and Intelligence, Constantine Stephanidis, Masaaki Kurosu, Helmut Degen, and Lauren Reinerman-Jones (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 449-466."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411763.3441342"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3573832"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3172944.3172961"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5153\/sro.1512"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.3.363"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","volume-title":"Toward a general theory of expertise : prospects and limits","author":"Anders Ericsson K.","unstructured":"K. Anders Ericsson and Jacqui Smith. 1991. Prospects and limits of the empirical study of expertise: An introduction. In Toward a general theory of expertise : prospects and limits, K. Anders Ericsson and Jacqui Smith (Eds.). Cambridge University Press, New York, 1-38. https:\/\/assets.cambridge.org\/97805214\/04709\/excerpt\/9780521404709_excerpt.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.108042"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi Feng and Jordan Boyd-Graber. 2019. What can AI do for me: Evaluating Machine Learning Interpretations in Cooperative Play. arXiv:1810.09648 [cs.AI]","DOI":"10.1145\/3301275.3302265"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fhj.2024.100132"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","volume-title":"Keane","author":"Ford Courtney","year":"2023","unstructured":"Courtney Ford and Mark T. Keane. 2023. Explaining Classifications to Non-experts: An XAI User Study of Post-Hoc Explanations for a Classifier When People Lack Expertise. In Pattern Recognition, Computer Vision, and Image Processing. ICPR 2022 InternationalWorkshops and Challenges, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Bill Kapralos (Eds.). Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 246-260."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","unstructured":"S. Funtowicz and J. Ravetz. 1997. Environmental problems post-normal science and extended peer communities. \u00c9tudes et Recherches sur les Syst\u00e8mes Agraires et le D\u00e9veloppement 1 (1997) 169-175. https:\/\/hal.science\/hal-01231607"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.106139"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3367110"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","volume-title":"Sketches of Thought","author":"Goel Vinod","unstructured":"Vinod Goel. 1995. Sketches of Thought. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/249487"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003707"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2014.2341620"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21124070"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41237-024-00253-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","unstructured":"Lukas-Valentin Herm. 2023. Impact Of Explainable AI On Cognitive Load: Insights From An Empirical Study. arXiv:2304.08861 [cs.AI]"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-13693-3_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","first-page":"105","volume-title":"First Nordic Conference on Service Design and Service Innovation (ServDes.2009; DeThinking Service; ReThinking Design) (Link\u00f6ping Electronic Conference Proceedings)","author":"Holmlid Stefan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stefan Holmlid. 2009. Participative, co-operative, emancipatory: From participatory design to service design. In First Nordic Conference on Service Design and Service Innovation (ServDes.2009; DeThinking Service; ReThinking Design) (Link\u00f6ping Electronic Conference Proceedings). Link\u00f6ping University Electronic Press, Oslo, Norway, 105-118."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491101.3519833"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2022.2113431"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","first-page":"2023","article-title":"Information technology - Artificial intelligence - Guidance on risk management","volume":"23894","author":"IEC.","year":"2023","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC. 2023. Information technology - Artificial intelligence - Guidance on risk management. International Standard ISO\/IEC 23894:2023. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. https:\/\/www.iso.org\/ standard\/77304.html","journal-title":"International Standard ISO\/IEC"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","volume-title":"Advances in Consumer Research","author":"Jacoby Jacob","unstructured":"Jacob Jacoby, Tracy Troutman, Alfred Kuss, and David Mazursky. 1986. Experience and Expertise in Complex Decision Making. In Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 13. Association for Consumer Research, Provo, UT, USA, 469."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2019.1619810"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21595\/vp"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2000.11045646"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","volume-title":"Bridging AI Developers and End Users: An End-User-Centred Explainable AI Taxonomy and Visual Vocabularies","author":"Jin Weina","unstructured":"Weina Jin, Sheelagh Carpendale, Ghassan Hamarneh, and Diane Gromala. 2019. Bridging AI Developers and End Users: An End-User-Centred Explainable AI Taxonomy and Visual Vocabularies. In IEEE Visualization (VIS) Poster Track. IEEE Computer Society, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/imms.1993.1077"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3147828"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3593978"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3343055.3359714"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-010-0272-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","unstructured":"Koyo Bearings (JTEKT). 2019. What's the Structure of the Bearing? The Role of the Structure and Parts in Reducing Friction. Online ''Bearing Trivia'' column. https:\/\/koyo.jtekt.co.jp\/en\/bearing-column\/bearing_trivia_1st_series\/ bearing_trivia_1st_series_03.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2021.103473"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2007.08.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2019.106587"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376590"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_78_1","volume-title":"Varshney","author":"Vera Liao Q.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Q. Vera Liao and Kush R. Varshney. 2021. Human-Centered Explainable AI (XAI): From Algorithms to User Experiences. arXiv:2110.10790 [cs.AI]"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e21040386"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.10.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_81_1","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Lundberg Scott M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scott M Lundberg and Su-In Lee. 2017. A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model Predictions. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, I. Guyon, U. Von Luxburg, S. Bengio, H. Wallach, R. Fergus, S. Vishwanathan, and R. Garnett (Eds.), Vol. 30. Curran Associates, Inc., Long Beach, CA, USA. https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper_files\/ paper\/2017\/file\/8a20a8621978632d76c43dfd28b67767-Paper.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_82_1","unstructured":"Prashan Madumal Tim Miller Liz Sonenberg and Frank Vetere. 2019. A Grounded Interaction Protocol for Explainable Artificial Intelligence. arXiv:1903.02409 [cs.AI]"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2005.09.007","article-title":"Domain experts influence decision quality: Towards a robust method for their identification","volume":"57","author":"Malhotra Vinod","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vinod Malhotra, Michael D. Lee, and Ashok Khurana. 2007. Domain experts influence decision quality: Towards a robust method for their identification. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 57, 1 (2007), 181-194. doi:10. 1016\/j.petrol.2005.09.007 Petroleum Exploration and Production Research in Australia.","journal-title":"Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_85_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Promoting Trust in AI-based Expert Systems. In AMCIS 2019 Proceedings: AI and Semantic Technologies for Intelligent Information Systems. AIS Electronic Library (AISeL)","author":"Mesbah Neda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Neda Mesbah, Christoph Tauchert, Christian Michael Olt, and Peter Buxmann. 2019. Promoting Trust in AI-based Expert Systems. In AMCIS 2019 Proceedings: AI and Semantic Technologies for Intelligent Information Systems. AIS Electronic Library (AISeL), Anchorage, AK, USA, 1-10. https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/amcis2019\/ai_semantic_for_intelligent_ info_systems\/ai_semantic_for_intelligent_info_systems\/6\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10580530.2020.1849465"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_87_1","unstructured":"Emanuel Metzenthin. 2020. LIME For Time. https:\/\/github.com\/emanuel-metzenthin\/Lime-For-Time. Accessed: 2023-02-10."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239037"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_89_1","volume-title":"Social and Sociological Factors in the Development of Expertise","author":"Mieg Harald A.","unstructured":"Harald A. Mieg. 2006. Social and Sociological Factors in the Development of Expertise. In The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance, K. Anders Ericsson, Neil Charness, Paul J. Feltovich, and Robert R.Editors Hoffman (Eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 743-760."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_90_1","first-page":"331","volume-title":"Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham","author":"Milcke Bj\u00f6rn","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rn Milcke, Pascal Dinglinger, and Jonas Holtmann. 2024. Exploring the Role of Explainable AI in the Development and Qualification of Aircraft Quality Assurance Processes: A Case Study. In Explainable Artificial Intelligence, Luca Longo, Sebastian Lapuschkin, and Christin Seifert (Eds.). Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 331-352."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401398186108"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2018.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_93_1","volume-title":"Explainable AI: Beware of Inmates Running the Asylum Or: How I Learnt to Stop Worrying and Love the Social and Behavioural Sciences. arXiv:1712.00547 [cs.AI]","author":"Miller Tim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tim Miller, Piers Howe, and Liz Sonenberg. 2017. Explainable AI: Beware of Inmates Running the Asylum Or: How I Learnt to Stop Worrying and Love the Social and Behavioural Sciences. arXiv:1712.00547 [cs.AI]"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3387166"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_95_1","unstructured":"Christoph Molnar. 2022. Interpretable Machine Learning (2 ed.). Independently published Online. https:\/\/christophm. github.io\/interpretable-ml-book"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13091721"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3641022"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17148\/iarjset.2025.12110"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_99_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bearing fault detection techniques-a review","volume":"3","author":"Nabhan Ahmed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahmed Nabhan, Nouby Ghazaly, Abdelhalim Samy, and MO Mousa. 2015. Bearing fault detection techniques-a review. Turkish Journal of Engineering, Sciences and Technology 3, 2 (2015), 1-18.","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Engineering, Sciences and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11280-021-00916-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-020-09910-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_102_1","unstructured":"NSK Europe Ltd. 2023. What's a Bearing? NSK Europe Ltd. https:\/\/www.nskeurope.com\/en\/bearings\/products\/whats-a-bearing.html 2024-01-18."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_103_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"A Brief Introduction to Perception","volume":"15","author":"Ou Qiong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qiong Ou. 2017. A Brief Introduction to Perception. Studies in Literature and Language 15 (2017), 18-28. https: \/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:56565977","journal-title":"Studies in Literature and Language"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3587271"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410603098-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_106_1","volume-title":"Toward a general theory of expertise: prospects and limits, Jacqui Smith and K. A. Ericsson (Eds.). Cambridge University Press","author":"Patel Vimla L","unstructured":"Vimla L Patel and Guy J Groen. 1991. The general and specific nature of medical expertise: A critical look. In Toward a general theory of expertise: prospects and limits, Jacqui Smith and K. A. Ericsson (Eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge;New York;, 93-127."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197128"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2888842"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.02234"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2015.12.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954408920910290"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marco Tulio Ribeiro Sameer Singh and Carlos Guestrin. 2016. ''Why Should I Trust You?'': Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifier. arXiv:1602.04938 [cs.LG]","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-3020"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025716"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2023.3331846"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2022.2138611"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_116_1","volume-title":"Stefania Maria Rita Rizzo","author":"Rubegni Elisa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Elisa Rubegni, Omran Ayoub, Stefania Maria Rita Rizzo, Marco Barbero, Guenda Bernegger, Francesca Faraci, Francesca Mangili, Emiliano Soldini, Pierpaolo Trimboli, and Alessandro Facchini. 2024. Designing for Complementarity: A Conceptual Framework to Go Beyond the Current Paradigm of Using XAI in Healthcare. In Artificial Intelligence in HCI, Helmut Degen and Stavroula Ntoa (Eds.). Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 277-296."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13091471"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/make6010016"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327078IN0204_02"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102684"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1086\/448612","article-title":"The Evidence of Experience","volume":"17","author":"Scott Joan W.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Joan W. Scott. 1991. The Evidence of Experience. Critical Inquiry 17, 4 (1991), 773-797. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/ 1343743","journal-title":"Critical Inquiry"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_122_1","volume-title":"The craftsman","author":"Sennett Richard","unstructured":"Richard Sennett. 2008. The craftsman. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_123_1","first-page":"418","article-title":"Explaining AI Decisions: Towards Achieving Human-Centered Explainability in Smart Home Environments. In Explainable Artificial Intelligence, Luca Longo, Sebastian Lapuschkin, and Christin Seifert (Eds.). Springer Nature Switzerland","author":"Shajalal Md","year":"2024","unstructured":"Md Shajalal, Alexander Boden, Gunnar Stevens, Delong Du, and Dean-Robin Kern. 2024. Explaining AI Decisions: Towards Achieving Human-Centered Explainability in Smart Home Environments. In Explainable Artificial Intelligence, Luca Longo, Sebastian Lapuschkin, and Christin Seifert (Eds.). Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 418-440.","journal-title":"Cham"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037874"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOEI.2018.8553800"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2009.251"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_127_1","first-page":"190","volume-title":"ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI 2023)","volume":"3359","author":"Singh Amardeep","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amardeep Singh, Md Athar Imtiaz, and Rachel Blagojevic. 2023. Towards an Explainable Machine Learning Framework for Sketched Diagram Recognition. In ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI 2023), Vol. 3359. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Online, 190-197. https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-3359\/paper24.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3375627.3375830"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36001\/phme.2024.v8i1.4087"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2018.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445088"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_133_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the twentieth annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"Suwa Masaki","year":"1999","unstructured":"Masaki Suwa, John S Gero, and Terry A Purcell. 1999. The roles of sketches in early conceptual design processes. In Proceedings of the twentieth annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Routledge, New York, USA, 6."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-657410-3\/00338-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-023-00620-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barbara Tversky and Masaki Suwa. 2009. Chapter 4 Thinking with Sketches. In Tools for Innovation. Oxford University Press Oxford. doi:10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195381634.003.0004","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195381634.003.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_137_1","unstructured":"Case Western Reserve University. 2004. Bearing Data Center: Download a Data File. https:\/\/engineering.case.edu\/ bearingdatacenter\/download-data-file. Accessed: 2022-11-01."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X07313811"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300831"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2955540"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3409383"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3397481.3450650"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_143_1","volume-title":"Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society","author":"Williams R.","unstructured":"R. Williams. 1985. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Oxford University Press, USA, New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3301275.3302317"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_145_1","volume-title":"Misunderstanding Science?: The Public Reconstruction of Science and Technology","author":"Wynne Brian","unstructured":"Brian Wynne. 1996. Misunderstood misunderstandings: social identities and public uptake of science. In Misunderstanding Science?: The Public Reconstruction of Science and Technology, Alan Irwin and BrianEditors Wynne (Eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 19-46."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2023.126257"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2006.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00920"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.109088"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2025.116869"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3757583","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T17:39:09Z","timestamp":1760636349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3757583"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":150,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3757583"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3757583","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}