{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T18:23:02Z","timestamp":1776104582535,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"7","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001475","name":"Nanyang Technological University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Start-up Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Start-up Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001475","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001352","name":"National University of Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HSS SEED FUND CR 2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HSS SEED FUND CR 2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009950","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24-1317-A0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-1317-A0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chatbots are increasingly integrated into people's lives and are widely used to help people. Recently, there has also been growing interest in the reverse direction-humans help chatbots-due to a wide range of benefits including better chatbot performance, human well-being, and collaborative outcomes. However, little research has explored the factors that motivate people to help chatbots. To address this gap, we draw on the Computers Are Social Actors (CASA) framework to examine how chatbot anthropomorphism-including human-like identity, emotional expression, and non-verbal expression-influences human empathy toward chatbots and their subsequent prosocial behaviors and intentions. We also explore people's own interpretations of their prosocial behaviors toward chatbots. We conducted an online experiment (N = 244) in which chatbots made mistakes in a collaborative image labeling task and explained the reasons to participants. We then measured participants' prosocial behaviors and intentions toward the chatbots. Our findings revealed that human identity and emotional expression of chatbots increased participants' prosocial behavior and intention toward chatbots, with empathy mediating these effects. Qualitative analysis identified two motivations for participants' prosocial behaviors: empathy for the chatbot and perceiving the chatbot as human-like. We discuss the implications of these results for understanding and promoting human prosocial behaviors toward chatbots.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3757596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T17:32:00Z","timestamp":1760635920000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exploring the Effects of Chatbot Anthropomorphism and Human Empathy on Human Prosocial Behavior Toward Chatbots"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1576-8487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingshu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4332-2515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zicheng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7636-9598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5484-6066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Chieh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","volume":"7","author":"Akbulut Canfer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Canfer Akbulut, Laura Weidinger, Arianna Manzini, Iason Gabriel, and Verena Rieser. 2024. All Too Human? Mapping and Mitigating the Risk from Anthropomorphic AI. In Proceedings of the AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, Vol. 7. 13-26."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031578","article-title":"Prosocial spending and well-being: cross-cultural evidence for a psychological universal","volume":"104","author":"Aknin Lara B","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lara B Aknin, Christopher P Barrington-Leigh, Elizabeth W Dunn, John F Helliwell, Justine Burns, Robert Biswas-Diener, Imelda Kemeza, Paul Nyende, Claire E Ashton-James, and Michael I Norton. 2013. Prosocial spending and well-being: cross-cultural evidence for a psychological universal. Journal of personality and social psychology, Vol. 104, 4 (2013), 635.","journal-title":"Journal of personality and social psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interpersonal consequences: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin","author":"Ambady Nalini","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nalini Ambady and Robert Rosenthal. 1992. Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interpersonal consequences: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, Vol. 111, 2 (1992), 256."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","volume":"5","author":"Ashktorab Zahra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zahra Ashktorab, Michael Desmond, Josh Andres, Michael Muller, Narendra Nath Joshi, Michelle Brachman, Aabhas Sharma, Kristina Brimijoin, Qian Pan, Christine T Wolf, et al., 2021. Ai-assisted human labeling: Batching for efficiency without overreliance. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 5, CSCW1 (2021), 1-27."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","volume":"4","author":"Ashktorab Zahra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zahra Ashktorab, Q Vera Liao, Casey Dugan, James Johnson, Qian Pan, Wei Zhang, Sadhana Kumaravel, and Murray Campbell. 2020. Human-ai collaboration in a cooperative game setting: Measuring social perception and outcomes. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 4, CSCW2 (2020), 1-20."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"Cyberbullying among adolescent bystanders: Role of affective versus cognitive empathy in increasing prosocial cyberbystander behavior. Frontiers in psychology","author":"Barli'nska Julia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Julia Barli'nska, Anna Szuster, and Miko\u0142aj Winiewski. 2018. Cyberbullying among adolescent bystanders: Role of affective versus cognitive empathy in increasing prosocial cyberbystander behavior. Frontiers in psychology, Vol. 9 (2018), 799."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167297237008"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2005.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2025.104293","article-title":"Fun or warm: How conversational style boosts customer engagement","volume":"85","author":"Bhattacharjee Debashree Roy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Debashree Roy Bhattacharjee, Abhisek Kuanr, Debasis Pradhan, and Tapas Ranjan Moharana. 2025. Fun or warm: How conversational style boosts customer engagement. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 85 (2025), 104293.","journal-title":"Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1067860.1067867"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","volume-title":"Linux clustering: building and maintaining Linux clusters","author":"Bookman Charles","unstructured":"Charles Bookman. 2003. Linux clustering: building and maintaining Linux clusters. Sams Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"Chatbots: changing user needs and motivations. interactions","author":"Brandtzaeg Petter Bae","year":"2018","unstructured":"Petter Bae Brandtzaeg and Asbj\u00f8rn F\u00f8lstad. 2018. Chatbots: changing user needs and motivations. interactions, Vol. 25, 5 (2018), 38-43."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","volume-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology","author":"Braun Virginia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, Vol. 3, 2 (2006), 77-101."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","volume-title":"Is empathy linked to prosocial and antisocial traits and behavior? It depends on the form of empathy. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science\/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement","author":"Brazil Kristopher J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kristopher J Brazil, Anthony A Volk, and Andrew V Dane. 2023. Is empathy linked to prosocial and antisocial traits and behavior? It depends on the form of empathy. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science\/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, Vol. 55, 1 (2023), 75."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","volume-title":"The development of comforting communication skills in childhood and adolescence. Child development","author":"Burleson Brant R","year":"1982","unstructured":"Brant R Burleson. 1982. The development of comforting communication skills in childhood and adolescence. Child development (1982), 1578-1588."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbara M Byrne. 2013. Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts applications and programming. routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203807644"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","unstructured":"Kathy Charmaz. 2006. Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. sage."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613905.3650855"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107018"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","volume-title":"Us versus them: Social identity shapes neural responses to intergroup competition and harm. Psychological science","author":"Cikara Mina","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mina Cikara, Matthew M Botvinick, and Susan T Fiske. 2011. Us versus them: Social identity shapes neural responses to intergroup competition and harm. Psychological science, Vol. 22, 3 (2011), 306-313."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319502.3374781"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3237383.3237459"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2004.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.44.1.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","volume-title":"Towards the neurobiology of emotional body language. Nature reviews neuroscience","author":"Gelder Beatrice De","year":"2006","unstructured":"Beatrice De Gelder. 2006. Towards the neurobiology of emotional body language. Nature reviews neuroscience, Vol. 7, 3 (2006), 242-249."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2018.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2006.221"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2007.9926"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","volume-title":"Arjan ER Bos, and Jasper Von Grumbkow","author":"Derks Daantje","year":"2008","unstructured":"Daantje Derks, Arjan ER Bos, and Jasper Von Grumbkow. 2008b. Emoticons in computer-mediated communication: Social motives and social context. Cyberpsychology & behavior, Vol. 11, 1 (2008), 99-101."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","unstructured":"Andres Diaz-Pinto Sachidanand Alle Vishwesh Nath Yucheng Tang Alvin Ihsani Muhammad Asad Fernando P\u00e9rez-Garc\u00eda Pritesh Mehta Wenqi Li Mona Flores et al. 2022. Monai label: A framework for ai-assisted interactive labeling of 3d medical images. arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.12362 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900588"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","volume-title":"Explaining altruistic sharing in the dictator game: The role of affective empathy, cognitive empathy, and justice sensitivity. Learning and individual differences","author":"Edele Aileen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aileen Edele, Isabel Dziobek, and Monika Keller. 2013. Explaining altruistic sharing in the dictator game: The role of affective empathy, cognitive empathy, and justice sensitivity. Learning and individual differences, Vol. 24 (2013), 96-102."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","volume-title":"Empathy-related emotional responses, altruism, and their socialization. Visions of compassion: Western scientists and Tibetan Buddhists examine human nature","author":"Eisenberg Nancy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nancy Eisenberg. 2002. Empathy-related emotional responses, altruism, and their socialization. Visions of compassion: Western scientists and Tibetan Buddhists examine human nature, Vol. 135 (2002), 131-164."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.1.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","volume-title":"On seeing human: a three-factor theory of anthropomorphism. Psychological review","author":"Epley Nicholas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nicholas Epley, Adam Waytz, and John T Cacioppo. 2007. On seeing human: a three-factor theory of anthropomorphism. Psychological review, Vol. 114, 4 (2007), 864."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference. 1492-1503","author":"Al Fahim Md Abdullah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Md Abdullah Al Fahim, Mohammad Maifi Hasan Khan, Theodore Jensen, Yusuf Albayram, and Emil Coman. 2021. Do integral emotions affect trust? The mediating effect of emotions on trust in the context of human-agent interaction. In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference. 1492-1503."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","volume-title":"Chatbot Research and Design: Third International Workshop, CONVERSATIONS 2019","author":"Feine Jasper","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jasper Feine, Ulrich Gnewuch, Stefan Morana, and Alexander Maedche. 2020. Gender bias in chatbot design. In Chatbot Research and Design: Third International Workshop, CONVERSATIONS 2019, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, November 19-20, 2019, Revised Selected Papers 3. Springer, 79-93."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30658\/hmc.1.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20204","article-title":"Does empathy predict adolescents' bullying and defending behavior","volume":"33","author":"Gini Gianluca","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gianluca Gini, Paolo Albiero, Beatrice Benelli, and Gianmarco Altoe. 2007. Does empathy predict adolescents' bullying and defending behavior? Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, Vol. 33, 5 (2007), 467-476.","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204494"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","volume-title":"Empathy and prosocial behavior. Handbook of emotions","author":"Hoffman Martin L","year":"2008","unstructured":"Martin L Hoffman. 2008. Empathy and prosocial behavior. Handbook of emotions, Vol. 3 (2008), 440-455."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-009-9166-1","article-title":"Momentary happiness: The role of psychological need satisfaction","volume":"12","author":"Howell Ryan T","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ryan T Howell, David Chenot, Graham Hill, and Colleen J Howell. 2011. Momentary happiness: The role of psychological need satisfaction. Journal of Happiness Studies, Vol. 12 (2011), 1-15.","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","volume-title":"Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications","author":"Hoyle Rick H","unstructured":"Rick H Hoyle. 1995. Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. Sage."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3703155"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107954"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","first-page":"215824402211096","article-title":"Differences in empathy according to nonverbal expression elements of emojis: Focusing on the humanoid emojis of KakaoTalk","volume":"12","author":"Jeon Hye-Jin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hye-Jin Jeon. 2022. Differences in empathy according to nonverbal expression elements of emojis: Focusing on the humanoid emojis of KakaoTalk. Sage Open, Vol. 12, 3 (2022), 21582440221109602.","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 43rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. 1545-1548","author":"Jiang Jiepu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiepu Jiang and Naman Ahuja. 2020. Response quality in human-chatbot collaborative systems. In Proceedings of the 43rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. 1545-1548."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167205274892","article-title":"Forgiveness and its associations with prosocial thinking, feeling, and doing beyond the relationship with the offender","volume":"31","author":"Karremans Johan C","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johan C Karremans, Paul AM Van Lange, and Rob W Holland. 2005. Forgiveness and its associations with prosocial thinking, feeling, and doing beyond the relationship with the offender. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 31, 10 (2005), 1315-1326.","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","volume-title":"Systems Design Based on the Benefits of Inconvenience","author":"Kawakami Hiroshi","unstructured":"Hiroshi Kawakami. 2023. Systems Design Based on the Benefits of Inconvenience. Springer."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1075\/is.20002.kei","article-title":"What's to bullying a bot? Correlates between chatbot humanlikeness and abuse","volume":"22","author":"Keijsers Merel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Merel Keijsers, Christoph Bartneck, and Friederike Eyssel. 2021. What's to bullying a bot? Correlates between chatbot humanlikeness and abuse. Interaction Studies, Vol. 22, 1 (2021), 55-80.","journal-title":"Interaction Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2559636.2563685"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline Rex B","unstructured":"Rex B Kline. 2023. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2018.8525515"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-013-0182-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","first-page":"180","article-title":"What makes people empathize with an emotional robot?: The impact of agency and physical embodiment on human empathy for a robot. In 2013 IEEE Ro-man","author":"Kwak Sonya S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sonya S Kwak, Yunkyung Kim, Eunho Kim, Christine Shin, and Kwangsu Cho. 2013. What makes people empathize with an emotional robot?: The impact of agency and physical embodiment on human empathy for a robot. In 2013 IEEE Ro-man. IEEE, 180-185.","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2023.41.3.274"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2023.102052"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300932"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","volume":"4","author":"Lee Yi-Chieh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yi-Chieh Lee, Naomi Yamashita, and Yun Huang. 2020a. Designing a chatbot as a mediator for promoting deep self-disclosure to a real mental health professional. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 4, CSCW1 (2020), 1-27."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376175"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","volume-title":"Wild Narratives: Exploring the Effects of Animal Chatbots on Empathy and Positive Attitudes toward Animals. arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.06060","author":"Li Jingshu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jingshu Li, Aaditya Patwari, and Yi-Chieh Lee. 2024a. Wild Narratives: Exploring the Effects of Animal Chatbots on Empathy and Positive Attitudes toward Animals. arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.06060 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","volume-title":"Overconfident and Unconfident AI Hinder Human-AI Collaboration. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.07632","author":"Li Jingshu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jingshu Li, Yitian Yang, and Yi-chieh Lee. 2024b. Overconfident and Unconfident AI Hinder Human-AI Collaboration. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.07632 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713336"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hcre.12055"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2021.108134","article-title":"Emoji, I can feel your pain''-neural responses to facial and Emoji expressions of pain","volume":"163","author":"Liao Wanying","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wanying Liao, Yi Zhang, Xiaohan Huang, Xiaoyu Xu, and Xiaozhe Peng. 2021. ''Emoji, I can feel your pain''-neural responses to facial and Emoji expressions of pain. Biological Psychology, Vol. 163 (2021), 108134.","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/job.2322","article-title":"The importance of group-focused transformational leadership and felt obligation for helping and group performance","volume":"40","author":"Lorinkova Natalia M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Natalia M Lorinkova and Sara Jansen Perry. 2019. The importance of group-focused transformational leadership and felt obligation for helping and group performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 40, 3 (2019), 231-247.","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","volume-title":"Supportive communication. Handbook of interpersonal communication","author":"MacGeorge Erina L","year":"2011","unstructured":"Erina L MacGeorge, Bo Feng, and Brant R Burleson. 2011. Supportive communication. Handbook of interpersonal communication, Vol. 4 (2011), 317-354."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517565"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Human. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","volume":"7","author":"Meng Jingbo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jingbo Meng, Minjin Rheu, Yue Zhang, Yue Dai, and Wei Peng. 2023. Mediated social support for distress reduction: AI Chatbots vs. Human. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 7, CSCW1 (2023), 1-25."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","volume-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Namkoong Min","year":"2023","unstructured":"Min Namkoong, Gain Park, Younjung Park, and Seyoung Lee. 2023. Effect of Gratitude expression of AI Chatbot on willingness to Donate. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction (2023), 1-12."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00153"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/191666.191703"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-021-10212-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2021.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_76_1","unstructured":"Nindzsaaa. 2025. Excessive emoji tsunami in CHATGPT conversations. https:\/\/community.openai.com\/t\/excessive-emoji-tsunami-in-chatgpt-conversations\/1112668"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_77_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Companion of the 2017 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. 413-413","author":"Nishiwaki Yusaku","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yusaku Nishiwaki, Masugi Furukawa, Soshi Yoshikawa, Nihan Karatas, and Michio Okada. 2017. iBones: A weak robot to construct mutual coordination for handing out tissue packs. In Proceedings of the Companion of the 2017 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. 413-413."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_78_1","first-page":"220409","article-title":"Weak robots","volume":"2022","author":"Okada Michio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Michio Okada. 2022. Weak robots. JSAP Review, Vol. 2022 (2022), 220409.","journal-title":"JSAP Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106547"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2912150"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_81_1","volume-title":"Human-AI communication in initial encounters: How AI agency affects trust, liking, and chat quality evaluation","author":"Pan Wenjing","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wenjing Pan, Diyi Liu, Jingbo Meng, and Hailong Liu. 2024. Human-AI communication in initial encounters: How AI agency affects trust, liking, and chat quality evaluation. New Media & Society (2024), 14614448241259149."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.56.091103.070141"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_83_1","volume-title":"Providing emotional support and daily emotional well-being among undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships","author":"Rahal Danny","year":"2024","unstructured":"Danny Rahal and Armaan Singh. 2024. Providing emotional support and daily emotional well-being among undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships (2024), 02654075241234823."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2010.528484"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1514095.1514158"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_86_1","volume-title":"emotional expressiveness, and prosocial behavior. Child development","author":"Roberts William","year":"1996","unstructured":"William Roberts and Janet Strayer. 1996. Empathy, emotional expressiveness, and prosocial behavior. Child development, Vol. 67, 2 (1996), 449-470."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.12.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2020.100014"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_89_1","unstructured":"Anna-Maria Seeger Jella Pfeiffer and Armin Heinzl. 2018. Designing anthropomorphic conversational agents: Development and empirical evaluation of a design framework. (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642159"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2017.8172336"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_92_1","volume-title":"Mohamed Abouhawwash, Jehad F Al-Amri, Shubham Mahajan, and Amit Kant Pandit.","author":"Singh Kiran Jot","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kiran Jot Singh, Divneet Singh Kapoor, Mohamed Abouhawwash, Jehad F Al-Amri, Shubham Mahajan, and Amit Kant Pandit. 2023. Behavior of Delivery Robot in Human-Robot Collaborative Spaces During Navigation. Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, Vol. 35, 1 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706599.3719973"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_94_1","volume-title":"Investigating How Multi-Agent AI Shapes Human Opinions. In ICLR 2025 Workshop on Human-AI Coevolution.","author":"Song Tianqi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tianqi Song, Yugin Tan, Zicheng Zhu, Maojia Song, Feng Yibin, and Yi-Chieh Lee. 2025b. The More, The Stronger? Investigating How Multi-Agent AI Shapes Human Opinions. In ICLR 2025 Workshop on Human-AI Coevolution."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_95_1","volume-title":"The effects of generative AI's human-like competencies on clinical decision-making. Journal of Decision Systems","author":"Spatscheck Niko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Niko Spatscheck, Myriam Schaschek, and Axel Winkelmann. 2024. The effects of generative AI's human-like competencies on clinical decision-making. Journal of Decision Systems (2024), 1-39."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858217"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_97_1","volume-title":"William G Austin, and Stephen Worchel","author":"Tajfel Henri","year":"1979","unstructured":"Henri Tajfel, John C Turner, William G Austin, and Stephen Worchel. 1979. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. Organizational identity: A reader, Vol. 56, 65 (1979), 9780203505984-16."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2013.875889","article-title":"Sex differences in the ability to recognise non-verbal displays of emotion: A meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Thompson Ashley E","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ashley E Thompson and Daniel Voyer. 2014. Sex differences in the ability to recognise non-verbal displays of emotion: A meta-analysis. Cognition and Emotion, Vol. 28, 7 (2014), 1164-1195.","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42761-021-00062-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.1.56","article-title":"Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior","volume":"92","author":"Twenge Jean M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jean M Twenge, Roy F Baumeister, C Nathan DeWall, Natalie J Ciarocco, and J Michael Bartels. 2007. Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology, Vol. 92, 1 (2007), 56.","journal-title":"Journal of personality and social psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_101_1","volume-title":"How emotional expressions shape prosocial behavior: Interpersonal effects of anger and disappointment on compliance with requests. Motivation and emotion","author":"Van Doorn Evert A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Evert A Van Doorn, Gerben A van Kleef, and Joop van der Pligt. 2015. How emotional expressions shape prosocial behavior: Interpersonal effects of anger and disappointment on compliance with requests. Motivation and emotion, Vol. 39 (2015), 128-141."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_102_1","volume-title":"Dare to blow the whistle? The role of cute avatars in a university's whistleblowing system. Computers in Human Behavior","author":"Lucky Lhaura","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lucky Lhaura Van FC, Afred Suci, Sarjon Defit, Hui-Chih Wang, and Mustika Sufiati Purwanegara. 2025. Dare to blow the whistle? The role of cute avatars in a university's whistleblowing system. Computers in Human Behavior (2025), 108567."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3338286.3340114"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2213-7459-1-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2014.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_106_1","volume-title":"Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Psychological bulletin","author":"Webb Thomas L","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thomas L Webb and Paschal Sheeran. 2006. Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Psychological bulletin, Vol. 132, 2 (2006), 249."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08824096.2012.695957"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00945"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900518"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_110_1","volume-title":"A tool or a social being? A dynamic longitudinal investigation of functional use and relational use of AI voice assistants. New media & society","author":"Xu Shan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shan Xu and Wenbo Li. 2024. A tool or a social being? A dynamic longitudinal investigation of functional use and relational use of AI voice assistants. New media & society, Vol. 26, 7 (2024), 3912-3930."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/ajsp.12537","article-title":"Is empathy associated with more prosocial behaviour? A meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Yin Yingying","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yingying Yin and Yong Wang. 2023. Is empathy associated with more prosocial behaviour? A meta-analysis. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 26, 1 (2023), 3-22.","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_112_1","volume-title":"Influence of emojis on online trust among college students. Frontiers in psychology","author":"Zhang Mei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mei Zhang, Shuheng Ding, Yining Liu, Hailong Li, Yanchun Zhu, and Chunlei Qin. 2021. Influence of emojis on online trust among college students. Frontiers in psychology, Vol. 12 (2021), 747925."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517791"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372852"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713116"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2022.113412","article-title":"It'sa Match! The effects of chatbot anthropomorphization and chatbot gender on consumer behavior","volume":"155","author":"Zogaj Adnan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adnan Zogaj, Philipp M M\u00e4hner, Linyu Yang, and Dieter K Tscheulin. 2023. It'sa Match! The effects of chatbot anthropomorphization and chatbot gender on consumer behavior. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 155 (2023), 113412.","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3757596","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T17:43:42Z","timestamp":1760636622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3757596"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3757596"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3757596","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}