{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T02:10:53Z","timestamp":1760667053229,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"7","funder":[{"name":"This study was partially funded by the project ?Automated Decision-Making and the Foundations of Political Authority,? funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation","award":["208013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["208013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of drones in public safety operations offers police departments potential benefits such as safety and efficiency. However, rarely considered are the perspectives of the public who are affected by the usage of drone in police operations. Ensuring and enhancing the sense of public safety is a primary goal of the police department. Therefore, public safety agencies and drone designers should consider the perception of bystanders at police operations and the broader society to ensure the fulfilment their primary purpose and maximizing drones' potential. This paper examines the factors that affect the public perception of safety during a field trial involving 80 test participants. Analysis of the group interviews reveal that unknowns are the main trigger of the sense of insecurity, including unknowns of drones' identity, purpose and usefulness. We found the public feels safer when the drones play an active role in delivering knowledge rather than passive role of data collection. Our findings highlight key design considerations for future drone-human interactions, providing insights into specific interaction features aimed at enhancing public perceptions of safety. We discuss the social and design implications to inform the public in solving the sense of insecurity mainly induced by a lack of knowledge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3757611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T16:59:10Z","timestamp":1760633950000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ignorance is No Bliss: Public Perception of Safety in a Drone-assisted Police Operation"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0452-8350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva Yiwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0628-162X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Wyss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2732-4465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Dolata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen, Germany and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0453-9762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhard","family":"Schwabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-77163-8_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coin.12507"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2018.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Self-efficacy: The exercise of control","author":"Bandura Albert","year":"1997","unstructured":"Albert Bandura. 1997. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W H Freeman\/Times Books\/ Henry Holt & Co, New York, NY, US."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300480"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3610214"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2750858.2805823"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2016.7451761"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025632"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12330"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Risk Communication: Evolution and Revolution. Solutions to an Environment in Peril (January","author":"Covello Vincent","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vincent Covello and Peter Sandman. 2001. Risk Communication: Evolution and Revolution. Solutions to an Environment in Peril (January 2001), 164-178."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173225.3173309"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359228"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2023.101874"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-6265-132-6_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300847"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"European drones outlook study?: unlocking the value for Europe","author":"Joint SESAR","year":"2023","unstructured":"SESAR Joint Undertaking EU. 2017. European drones outlook study?: unlocking the value for Europe. EU: European Union, SESAR Joint Undertaking. Retrieved February 11, 2023 from https:\/\/policycommons.net\/artifacts\/265339\/european-drones-outlook-study\/1059374\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Public Safety Drones","author":"Gettinger Dan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dan Gettinger. 2020. Public Safety Drones, 3rd Edition. Center for the Study of the Drone, Bard College, New York, NY, US. Retrieved February 12, 2023 from https:\/\/dronecenter.bard.edu\/projects\/public-safety-drones-project\/public-safety-drones-3rd-edition\/","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581062"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Benjamin V Hanrahan Carleen Maitland Timothy Brown Anita Chen Fraterne Kagame and Beatrice Birir. Agency and Extraction in Emerging Industrial Drone Applications: Imaginaries of Rwandan Farm Workers and Community Members. 0 ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3546155.3546661"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Mental Models: Knowledge in the Head and Knowledge in the World","volume":"39","author":"Jonassen David H.","year":"1999","unstructured":"David H. Jonassen and Philip Henning. 1999. Mental Models: Knowledge in the Head and Knowledge in the World. Educational Technology 39, 3 (1999), 37-42.","journal-title":"Educational Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3568294.3580173"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2857546.2857639"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/spsr.12431"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0967010621992661"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642061"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41959-6_26"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Lieser Marc","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marc Lieser and Ulrich Schwanecke. 2023. Vocalics in Human-Drone Interaction. Retrieved June 10, 2024 from http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2312.17668"},{"volume-title":"Exploring Contemporary Police Challenges","author":"Liu Yang Vincent","key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Yang Vincent Liu, Wook Kang, Jon Mask\u00e1ly, and Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovic. 2022. Policing from the Sky: A Case Study of the Police Use of Drones in South Korea. In Exploring Contemporary Police Challenges. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1487\/1\/012029"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3610171"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730590904571"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2022.102097"},{"volume-title":"The coding manual for qualitative researchers","author":"Salda\u00f1a Johnny","key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Johnny Salda\u00f1a. 2009. The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage, Los Angeles, Calif."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"J\u00fcrgen Scheible Ragavendra Lingamaneni and Markus Funk. DisplayDrone as Police Deployment Tool for Ubiquitously Available Public Displays and Digital Signage."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/S1521-613620160000021006"},{"volume-title":"Exploratory research in the social sciences","author":"Stebbins Robert A","key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Robert A Stebbins. 2001. Exploratory research in the social sciences. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, Calif."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2559636.2559672"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2696454.2696475"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3568162.3576966"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/popets-2016-0022"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579859"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642791"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2393339"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3568162.3576985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351269"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411763.3451614"},{"volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2025","key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"2024. (PDF) The thin blue line meets the big blue sky: perceptions of police legitimacy and public attitudes towards aerial drones. ResearchGate (December 2024). Retrieved February 21, 2025 from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/321697493_The_thin_blue_line_meets_the_big_blue_sky_perceptions_of_police_legitimacy_and_public_attitudes_towards_aerial_drones"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"2025. Paul Watzlawick. Wikipedia. Retrieved February 26 2025 from https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Paul_Watzlawick&oldid=1270881286"},{"volume-title":"Policing. Retrieved","year":"2024","key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","unstructured":"\u00a7 1.02. Goals of Policing - Principles of the Law, Policing. Retrieved July 25, 2024 from https:\/\/www.policingprinciples.org\/chapter-1\/1-02-goals-of-policing\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Der pr\u00e4ziseste \u00dcbersetzer der Welt. Retrieved","author":"\u00dcbersetzer L","year":"2025","unstructured":"DeepL \u00dcbersetzer: Der pr\u00e4ziseste \u00dcbersetzer der Welt. Retrieved March 3, 2025 from https:\/\/www.deepl.com\/translator"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3757611","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T01:52:11Z","timestamp":1760665931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3757611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3757611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3757611","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2573-0142"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}