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This work provides a comprehensive analysis of existing haptic protocols and frameworks, focusing on their development, implementation, and the methods employed to optimize Quality of Service (QoS) parameters such as latency, delay, packet loss, jitter, throughput, and bandwidth. By examining the strengths and limitations of these protocols in real-time applications, this article identifies critical areas for improvement and suggests future directions, including the potential for incorporating machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) to enable next-generation haptic communication suited for high-demand environments like the Metaverse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3759459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T15:55:03Z","timestamp":1754927703000},"page":"1-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Haptic Network Protocols: A Comprehensive Review and Directions for Next-Gen Metaverse Applications"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3363-4758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd","family":"Faisal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and\u00a0Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2008-3654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto Alejandro","family":"Martinez Velazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and\u00a0Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0338-9264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fedwa","family":"Laamarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Vision Department, Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and School of Electrical Engineering and\u00a0Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7189-5644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussein","family":"Al Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and\u00a0Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7690-8547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulmotaleb","family":"El Saddik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and\u00a0Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3991\/ijoe.v19i07.39187"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3325844"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2020 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM \u201920)","author":"Aijaz Adnan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adnan Aijaz, Zaher Dawy, Nikolaos Pappas, Meryem Simsek, Sharief Oteafy, and Oliver Holland. 2020. 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