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Storage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>KVM is the dominant VM hypervisor on Linux, and relies on QEMU to realize the backends of the virtio family of devices such as virtio-blk. However, KVM\/QEMU-based paravirtualization prolongs the guest I\/O path with multiple context switches. As fast NVMe storage devices have been widely used, the software overhead becomes non-negligible. To shorten the I\/O path, virtio-blk\u2019s variations, vhost-kernel-blk and vhost-user-blk, respectively perform all guest I\/O processing in kernel and user spaces. Unfortunately, they essentially forsake the collaboration between KVM and QEMU, sacrifice important QEMU features including live migration, snapshots, and flexible image format support. This article presents EXO, an extension of virtio-blk for efficient KVM\/QEMU-based storage paravirtualization. The insight is that no matter how complex the QEMU backend\u2019s processing is, to handle a guest I\/O request, the host storage stack only needs to know the request\u2019s guest-to-host address mapping. Therefore, we preserve the original slow I\/O path of virtio-blk as a fallback, and leverage eBPF to introduce an in-kernel fast path that directly queries the address mapping without switching to the user-space backend processing. Extensive evaluation shows that EXO achieves similar or even higher performance compared to the variations (vhost-kernel-blk\/vhost-user-blk) of virtio-blk, while preserving virtio-blk\u2019s flexibility, safety, and compatibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3760404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T11:15:14Z","timestamp":1755083714000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Tale of Two Paths: Optimizing Paravirtualized Storage I\/O with eBPF"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4029-2123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KylinSoft","place":["Changsha, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0821-0646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4279-9395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianqin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2673-5868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhirong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9185-2265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingbo","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Defense Technology","place":["Changsha, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5780-7900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Technology","place":["Hong Kong, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5548-6324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meiling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Technology","place":["Hong Kong, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0233-5838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renhai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Technology","place":["Hong Kong, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6450-8485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Xiamen University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 USENIX Annual Technical Conference","author":"Amit Nadav","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nadav Amit and Michael Wei. 2018. 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