{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T18:35:38Z","timestamp":1770921338150,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":153,"publisher":"ACM","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3760545.3783976","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T17:50:03Z","timestamp":1770918603000},"page":"360-406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Towards Validating an Artificial Intelligence Concept Inventory for Non-Experts (AICI-NE): Common Misconceptions and Item Development"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6020-2737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Mannila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4354-9848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Namur, Namur, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0766-9992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Bahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8766-5317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Chytas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7301-8450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harold","family":"Connamacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1812-8531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara C. N.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9697-9887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Opel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FernUniversit\u00e4t in Hagen, Hagen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1275-1374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Scholl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuremberg Tech, Nuremberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"International journal of science education","author":"Adams Wendy K","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wendy K Adams and Carl E Wieman. 2011. Development and validation of instruments to measure learning of expert-like thinking. International journal of science education, Vol. 33, 9 (2011), 1289-1312."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research -","volume":"1","author":"Ali Murtaza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Murtaza Ali, Sourojit Ghosh, Prerna Rao, Raveena Dhegaskar, Sophia Jawort, Alix Medler, Mengqi Shi, and Sayamindu Dasgupta. 2023. Taking Stock of Concept Inventories in Computing Education: A Systematic Literature Review. In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 1 (ICER '23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 397\u2013415. doi:10.1145\/3568813.3600120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeo.2024.100173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1189136.1189182"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/979-8-8688-0017-7_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Iulia Angelescu. 2022. Discovering the misconceptions that influence learning of Machine Learning. https:\/\/resolver.tudelft.nl\/uuid:1207ff9c-9169-45b9-9335-8ce69c8b5282 Bachelor Thesis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3685680"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2022.2119450","article-title":"In-service teachers' (mis)conceptions of artificial intelligence in K-12 science education","volume":"55","author":"Antonenko Pavlo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pavlo Antonenko and Brian Abramowitz. 2023. In-service teachers' (mis)conceptions of artificial intelligence in K-12 science education. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, Vol. 55, 1 (2023), 64-78.","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"International journal of social research methodology","author":"Arksey Hilary","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hilary Arksey and Lisa O'malley. 2005. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. International journal of social research methodology, Vol. 8, 1 (2005), 19-32."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21507740.2020.1740350"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcci.2023.100595"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100294"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"2024 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). 01-05","author":"Bahr Tobias","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tobias Bahr. 2024. Piloting of a Computer Science Content Knowledge Test for 10th Grade Students*. In 2024 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). 01-05. doi:10.1109\/EDUCON60312.2024.10578675"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2025.2559337"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","author":"Ben-Ari Mordechai","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mordechai Ben-Ari. 1998. Constructivism in computer science education. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (Atlanta, Georgia, USA) (SIGCSE '98). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 257\u2013261. doi:10.1145\/273133.274308"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Constructivism in Computer Science Education","volume":"20","author":"Ben-Ari Mordechai","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mordechai Ben-Ari. 2001. Constructivism in Computer Science Education. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, Vol. 20, 1 (2001), 45-73.","journal-title":"Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","first-page":"100143","article-title":"Myths, mis-and preconceptions of artificial intelligence: A review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"Bewersdorff Arne","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arne Bewersdorff, Xiaoming Zhai, Jessica Roberts, and Claudia Nerdel. 2023. Myths, mis-and preconceptions of artificial intelligence: A review of the literature. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 4 (2023), 100143.","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/3LFX-9RRF-67T8-UVK9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1354856507084420"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces. 247-264","author":"Brachman Michelle","year":"2025","unstructured":"Michelle Brachman, Siya Kunde, Sarah Miller, Ana Fucs, Samantha Dempsey, Jamie Jabbour, and Werner Geyer. 2025. Building Appropriate Mental Models: What Users Know and Want to Know about an Agentic AI Chatbot. In Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces. 247-264."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Frontiers in Computer Science","volume":"5","author":"Brauner Philipp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Philipp Brauner, Alexander Hick, Ralf Philipsen, and Martina Ziefle. 2023. What does the public think about artificial intelligence?\u2014A criticality map to understand bias in the public perception of AI. Frontiers in Computer Science, Vol. Volume 5 - 2023 (2023). doi:10.3389\/fcomp.2023.1113903"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11775-9","article-title":"The internet is in the satellites!': A systematic review of 3-15-year-olds' conceptions about the internet","volume":"28","author":"Brom Cyril","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cyril Brom, Anna Yaghobova, Anna Drobna, and Marek Urban. 2023. 'The internet is in the satellites!': A systematic review of 3-15-year-olds' conceptions about the internet. Education and Information Technologies, Vol. 28, 11 (2023), 14639-14668.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18420\/ibis-03-01-02"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40594-023-00418-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael E. Caspersen Ira Diethelm Judith Gal-Ezer Andrew McGettrick Enrico Nardelli Don Passey Branislav Rovan and Mary Webb. 2022. Informatics Reference Framework for School. Technical Report. USA. doi:10.1145\/3592625","DOI":"10.1145\/3592625"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Reconsidering conceptual change: Issues in theory and practice","author":"Chi Michelene TH","unstructured":"Michelene TH Chi and Rod D Roscoe. 2002. The processes and challenges of conceptual change. In Reconsidering conceptual change: Issues in theory and practice. Springer, 3-27."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeo.2024.100171"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100282"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"A contemporary approach to validity arguments: a practical guide to K ane's framework. Medical education","author":"Cook David A","year":"2015","unstructured":"David A Cook, Ryan Brydges, Shiphra Ginsburg, and Rose Hatala. 2015. A contemporary approach to validity arguments: a practical guide to K ane's framework. Medical education, Vol. 49, 6 (2015), 560-575."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights. 2019. Unboxing Artificial Intelligence: 10 Steps to Protect Human Rights. Technical Report. Council of Europe Strasbourg. https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/unboxing-artificial-intelligence-10-steps-to-protect-human-rights-reco\/1680946e64 Recommends 10 action areas such as human rights impact assessments transparency non?discrimination data privacy independent oversight remedies and AI literacy."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-022-01598-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Anthropomorphic framing in human-robot interaction, integration, and policy (March 23","author":"Darling Kate","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kate Darling. 2017. 'Who's Johnny?' Anthropomorphic Framing in Human-Robot Interaction, Integration, and Policy. Anthropomorphic framing in human-robot interaction, integration, and policy (March 23, 2015). ROBOT ETHICS 2.0, Vol. 2 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 52nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","author":"Davidson Matt J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matt J. Davidson, Brett Wortzman, Amy J. Ko, and Min Li. 2021. Investigating Item Bias in a CS1 Exam with Differential Item Functioning. In Proceedings of the 52nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (Virtual Event, USA) (SIGCSE '21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1142\u20131148. doi:10.1145\/3408877.3432397"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Constance de Saint Laurent. 2018. In defence of machine learning: Debunking the myths of artificial intelligence. Europe's journal of psychology Vol. 14 4 (2018) 734.","DOI":"10.5964\/ejop.v14i4.1823"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 50th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","author":"Decker Adrienne","unstructured":"Adrienne Decker and Monica M. McGill. 2019. A Topical Review of Evaluation Instruments for Computing Education. In Proceedings of the 50th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (Minneapolis, MN, USA) (SIGCSE '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 558\u2013564. doi:10.1145\/3287324.3287393"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.17275\/per.22.41.9.2","article-title":"Determining middle school students' perceptions of the concept of artificial intelligence: A metaphor analysis","volume":"9","author":"Demir Kadir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kadir Demir and Gür Emre Güraksin. 2022. Determining middle school students' perceptions of the concept of artificial intelligence: A metaphor analysis. Participatory Educational Research, Vol. 9, 2 (2022), 297-312.","journal-title":"Participatory Educational Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2025.102858"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research","author":"Diethelm Ira","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ira Diethelm, Peter Hubwieser, and Robert Klaus. 2012. Students, teachers and phenomena: educational reconstruction for computer science education. In Proceedings of the 12th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research (Koli, Finland) (Koli Calling '12). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 164\u2013173. doi:10.1145\/2401796.2401823"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Ding Ting Li and Aaron Turkson. 2024. (Mis)conceptions and Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence: A Scoping Review. doi:10.35542\/osf.io\/y627r","DOI":"10.35542\/osf.io\/y627r"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-024-09982-y","article-title":"The Cronbach's alpha of domain-specific knowledge tests before and after learning: A meta-analysis of published studies","volume":"37","author":"Edelsbrunner Peter A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Peter A Edelsbrunner, Bianca A Simonsmeier, and Michael Schneider. 2025. The Cronbach's alpha of domain-specific knowledge tests before and after learning: A meta-analysis of published studies. Educational Psychology Review, Vol. 37, 1 (2025), 4.","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s43031-025-00125-z","article-title":"Integrating generative AI into STEM education: enhancing conceptual understanding, addressing misconceptions, and assessing student acceptance","volume":"7","author":"Fathi Tarik El","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tarik El Fathi, Aouatif Saad, Hayat Larhzil, Driss Lamri, and El Mehdi Al Ibrahmi. 2025. Integrating generative AI into STEM education: enhancing conceptual understanding, addressing misconceptions, and assessing student acceptance. Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Science Education Research, Vol. 7, 1 (2025), 6.","journal-title":"Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Science Education Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence: A clarification of misconceptions, myths and desired status. Frontiers in artificial intelligence","author":"Emmert-Streib Frank","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frank Emmert-Streib, Olli Yli-Harja, and Matthias Dehmer. 2020. Artificial intelligence: A clarification of misconceptions, myths and desired status. Frontiers in artificial intelligence, Vol. 3 (2020), 524339."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","first-page":"963","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence","volume":"31","author":"Fast Ethan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ethan Fast and Eric Horvitz. 2017. Long-term trends in the public perception of artificial intelligence. In Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, Vol. 31. Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), 963-969. doi:10.1609\/aaai.v31i1.10635"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-024-09670-4","article-title":"Anthropomorphising Machines and Computerising Minds: The Crosswiring of Languages between Artificial Intelligence and Brain & Cognitive Sciences","volume":"34","author":"Floridi Luciano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luciano Floridi and Anna C. Nobre. 2024. Anthropomorphising Machines and Computerising Minds: The Crosswiring of Languages between Artificial Intelligence and Brain & Cognitive Sciences. Minds & Machines, Vol. 34, 1 (2024), 5.","journal-title":"Minds & Machines"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","volume":"10","author":"Garrel J\u00f6rg","year":"2023","unstructured":"J\u00f6rg Garrel and Jana Mayer. 2023. Artificial Intelligence in studies\u2014use of ChatGPT and AI-based tools among students in Germany. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Vol. 10 (11 2023). doi:10.1057\/s41599-023-02304-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dedre Gentner and Albert L Stevens. 2014. Mental Models. Psychology Press New York. doi:10.4324\/9781315802725","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315802725"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ten Myths about Artificial Intelligence in Education","volume":"14","author":"Giray Louie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Louie Giray. 2024. Ten Myths about Artificial Intelligence in Education. Higher Learning Research Communications, Vol. 14, 2 (2024), 1-12.","journal-title":"Higher Learning Research Communications"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 39th SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","author":"Goldman Ken","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ken Goldman, Paul Gross, Cinda Heeren, Geoffrey Herman, Lisa Kaczmarczyk, Michael C. Loui, and Craig Zilles. 2008. Identifying important and difficult concepts in introductory computing courses using a delphi process. In Proceedings of the 39th SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (Portland, OR, USA) (SIGCSE '08). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 256\u2013260. doi:10.1145\/1352135.1352226"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/095006900289976","article-title":"Mental Models, Conceptual Models, and","volume":"22","author":"Greca Ileana Maria","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ileana Maria Greca and Marco Antonio Moreira. 2000. Mental Models, Conceptual Models, and Modelling. Int. J. of Science Education, Vol. 22, 1 (2000), 1-11.","journal-title":"Modelling. Int. J. of Science Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","volume":"35","author":"Greenwald Eric","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eric Greenwald, Maxyn Leitner, and Ning Wang. 2021. Learning Artificial Intelligence: Insights into How Youth Encounter and Build Understanding of AI Concepts. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 35. 15526-15533. doi:10.1609\/aaai.v35i17.17828"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1145\/3626252.3630937","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 1","author":"Grover Shuchi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shuchi Grover. 2024. Teaching AI to K-12 Learners: Lessons, Issues, and Guidance. In Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 1 (Portland, OR, USA) (SIGCSE 2024). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 422-428. doi:10.1145\/3626252.3630937"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0008125619864925","article-title":"A brief history of artificial intelligence: On the past, present, and future of artificial intelligence","volume":"61","author":"Haenlein M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"M. Haenlein and A. Kaplan. 2019. A brief history of artificial intelligence: On the past, present, and future of artificial intelligence. California Management Review, Vol. 61, 4 (2019), 5-14.","journal-title":"California Management Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) (Sweden). IEEE, 1-9.","author":"Henry Julie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Julie Henry and Bruno Dumas. 2020. Approach to Develop a Concept Inventory Informing Teachers of Novice Programmers' Mental Models. In 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) (Sweden). IEEE, 1-9."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2014.970781"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211017593"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5121\/ijci.2022.110401","article-title":"A qualitative approach to the public perception of AI","volume":"11","author":"Hick Alexander","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alexander Hick and Martina Ziefle. 2022. A qualitative approach to the public perception of AI. International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI), Vol. 11, 11 (2022), 1.","journal-title":"International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"ASEE Southeast Section Conference.","author":"Hingle Ashish","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ashish Hingle and Aditya Johri. 2023. A Research Study on Student Conceptions of Artificial Intelligence. In ASEE Southeast Section Conference."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01629-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness.","author":"Johnson-Laird Philip Nicholas","year":"1983","unstructured":"Philip Nicholas Johnson-Laird. 1983. Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness. Vol. 6. Harvard University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"2024 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). IEEE, 1\u20139. doi:10","author":"Johri Aditya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aditya Johri, Ashish Hingle, and Johannes Schleiss. 2024. Misconceptions, Pragmatism, and Value Tensions: Evaluating Students' Understanding and Perception of Generative AI for Education. In 2024 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). IEEE, 1\u20139. doi:10.1109\/fie61694.2024.10893017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"European Commission","author":"Centre Joint Research","year":"2025","unstructured":"Joint Research Centre, European Commission. 2025. Current Developments on DigComp (2024\u20132025). https:\/\/joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu\/projects-and-activities\/education-and-training\/digital-transformation-education\/digital-competence-framework-citizens-digcomp\/current-developments-digcomp-2024-2025_en"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jee.20104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). 1-5. doi:10","author":"Julie Henry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henry Julie, Dumas Bruno, Heymans Patrick, and Leclercq Tony. 2020. Object-Oriented Programming: Diagnosis Understanding by Identifying and Describing Novice Perceptions. In 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). 1-5. doi:10.1109\/FIE44824.2020.9273990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Nordic Studies in Mathematics Education","volume":"27","author":"J\u00e4der Jonas","unstructured":"Jonas J\u00e4der. [n.d.]. Creative and conceptual challenges in mathematical problem solving. Nordic Studies in Mathematics Education, Vol. 27, 3 ([n.d.]), 49-68."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 41st ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","author":"Kaczmarczyk Lisa C.","unstructured":"Lisa C. Kaczmarczyk, Elizabeth R. Petrick, J. Philip East, and Geoffrey L. Herman. 2010. Identifying student misconceptions of programming. In Proceedings of the 41st ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA) (SIGCSE '10). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 107\u2013111. doi:10.1145\/1734263.1734299"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference. IEEE, 1-9.","author":"Kandlhofer Martin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martin Kandlhofer, Gerald Steinbauer, Sabine Hirschmugl-Gaisch, and Petra Huber. 2016. Artificial intelligence and computer science in education: From kindergarten to university. In IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference. IEEE, 1-9."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jedm.12000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Clarifying Misconceptions: Key AI Concepts for Students in Model Creation Classes","volume":"39","author":"Hiroko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hiroko KANOH. 2024. Clarifying Misconceptions: Key AI Concepts for Students in Model Creation Classes. JSSE Research Report, Vol. 39, 1 (2024), 59-64.","journal-title":"JSSE Research Report"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"in my hand: Who's the fairest in the land? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence. Business horizons","author":"Kaplan Andreas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein. 2019. Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who's the fairest in the land? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence. Business horizons, Vol. 62, 1 (2019), 15-25."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 45th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","author":"Karpierz Kuba","unstructured":"Kuba Karpierz and Steven A. Wolfman. 2014. Misconceptions and concept inventory questions for binary search trees and hash tables. In Proceedings of the 45th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (Atlanta, Georgia, USA) (SIGCSE '14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 109\u2013114. doi:10.1145\/2538862.2538902"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd Annual ACM Interaction Design and Children Conference","author":"Kasinidou Maria","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maria Kasinidou, Styliani Kleanthous, and Jahna Otterbacher. 2024. ''AI is a robot that knows many things'': Cypriot children's perception of AI. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual ACM Interaction Design and Children Conference (Delft, Netherlands) (IDC '24). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 897\u2013901. doi:10.1145\/3628516.3659414"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2022.101925"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9827","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11600-3","article-title":"Exploring middle school students' common naive conceptions of Artificial Intelligence concepts, and the evolution of these ideas","volume":"28","author":"Kim Keunjae","year":"2023","unstructured":"Keunjae Kim, Kyungbin Kwon, Anne Ottenbreit-Leftwich, Haesol Bae, and Krista Glazewski. 2023. Exploring middle school students' common naive conceptions of Artificial Intelligence concepts, and the evolution of these ideas. Education and Information Technologies, Vol. 28, 8 (2023), 9827-9854.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_76_1","unstructured":"Yoon Jeon Kim Yumiko Murai and Stephanie Chang. 2020. Embedded assessment tools for maker classrooms: A design-based research approach. (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-022-01589-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_78_1","volume-title":"Behavioral, Cognitive, and\u00a0Ethical Aspects. In Informatics in Schools","author":"Lenke Michael","unstructured":"Michael Lenke, Nils Klowait, Lea Biere, and Carsten Schulte. 2026. Assessing AI Literacy: A Systematic Review of\u00a0Questionnaires with\u00a0Emphasis on\u00a0Affective, Behavioral, Cognitive, and\u00a0Ethical Aspects. In Informatics in Schools. Fostering Problem-Solving, Creativity, and Critical Thinking Through Computer Science Education, Jacqueline Staub and Adish Singla (Eds.). Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 97-110."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_79_1","volume-title":"2006 Physics Ed Research Conf. (American Institute of Physics Conf.","volume":"17","author":"Lindell Rebecca S.","unstructured":"Rebecca S. Lindell, Elizabeth Peak, and Thomas M. Foster. 2007. Are They All Created Equal? A Comparison of Different Concept Inventory Development Methodologies. In 2006 Physics Ed Research Conf. (American Institute of Physics Conf., Vol. 883), Laura McCullough, Leon Hsu, and Paula Heron (Eds.). AIP, 14-17."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_80_1","volume-title":"2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). 1-9. doi:10","author":"Lindner Annabel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Annabel Lindner and Marc Berges. 2020. Can you explain AI to me? Teachers' pre-concepts about Artificial Intelligence. In 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). 1-9. doi:10.1109\/FIE44824.2020.9274136"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41539-024-00264-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_82_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. ACM, 1-16","author":"Long Duri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Duri Long and Brian Magerko. 2020. What is AI literacy? Competencies and design considerations. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. ACM, 1-16."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00287-024-01584-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_84_1","first-page":"84","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th Australasian Computing Education Conference (ACE 2025)","author":"Mannila Linda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Linda Mannila, Jonas Hallstr\u00f6m, Charlotta Nordlöf, Fredrik Heintz, Katarina Sperling, and Linnéa Stenliden. 2025. Framing AI literacy for K-12 Education: Insights from Multi-Perspective and International Stakeholder. In Proceedings of the 27th Australasian Computing Education Conference (ACE 2025) (Brisbane, Australia). ACM, 84-94."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_85_1","volume-title":"The Second Teaching Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Workshop. PMLR, 25-29","author":"Marx Erik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Erik Marx, Thiemo Leonhardt, David Baberowski, and Nadine Bergner. 2022. Using matchboxes to teach the basics of machine learning: An analysis of (possible) misconceptions. In The Second Teaching Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Workshop. PMLR, 25-29."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100169"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_87_1","volume-title":"Entwicklung und Evaluation. In INFOS 2025 - Grenzen \u00fcberwinden - voneinander lernen. Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Informatik (GI)","author":"Marx Erik","year":"2025","unstructured":"Erik Marx, Thiemo Leonhardt, and Nadine Bergner. 2025. CIML \u2013 Concept Inventory zum Thema Maschinelles Lernen. Konzeption, Entwicklung und Evaluation. In INFOS 2025 - Grenzen \u00fcberwinden - voneinander lernen. Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Informatik (GI), Stoos, Switzerland. https:\/\/osf.io\/g7dkf\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_88_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th WiPSCE Conference on Primary and Secondary Computing Education Research","author":"Marx Erik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Erik Marx, Clemens Witt, and Thiemo Leonhardt. 2024. Identifying Secondary School Students' Misconceptions about Machine Learning: An Interview Study. In Proceedings of the 19th WiPSCE Conference on Primary and Secondary Computing Education Research (Munich, Germany) (WiPSCE '24). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 6, 10 pages. doi:10.1145\/3677619.3678114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X12463781"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_90_1","unstructured":"Tim McLaren and Paul Buijs. 2011. A design science approach for developing information systems research instruments. (2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcci.2023.100630","article-title":"Finnish 5th and 6th graders' misconceptions about artificial intelligence","volume":"39","author":"Mertala Pekka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pekka Mertala and Janne Fagerlund. 2024. Finnish 5th and 6th graders' misconceptions about artificial intelligence. Int. J. of Child-Computer Interaction, Vol. 39 (2024), 100630.","journal-title":"Int. J. of Child-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_92_1","volume-title":"Finnish primary school students' conceptions of machine learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.09582","author":"Mertala Pekka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pekka Mertala, Janne Fagerlund, Jukka Lehtoranta, Emilia Mattila, and Tiina Korhonen. 2024. Finnish primary school students' conceptions of machine learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.09582 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K. Mills P. Ruiz K. Lee M. Coenraad J. Fusco J. Roschelle and J. Weisgrau. 2024. AI Literacy: A Framework to Understand Evaluate and Use Emerging Technology. Technical Report. Digital Promise. doi:10.51388\/20.500.12265\/218","DOI":"10.51388\/20.500.12265\/218"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_94_1","volume-title":"BMJ","volume":"339","author":"Moher David","year":"2009","unstructured":"David Moher, Alessandro Liberati, Jennifer Tetzlaff, and Douglas G Altman. 2009. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ, Vol. 339 (2009). arXiv:https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/339\/bmj.b2535.full.pdf doi:10.1136\/bmj.b2535"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_95_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th WiPSCE Conference on Primary and Secondary Computing Education Research","author":"Moreno-Le Jesus","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jesus Moreno-León, Margarita Vasco-González, Marcos Román-González, and Gregorio Robles. 2024. Investigating the Impact of Programming Activities on Computational Thinking and AI Literacy in Spanish Schools. In Proceedings of the 19th WiPSCE Conference on Primary and Secondary Computing Education Research (Munich, Germany) (WiPSCE '24). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 7, 10 pages. doi:10.1145\/3677619.3678111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_96_1","first-page":"100142","article-title":"Novices' conceptions of machine learning","volume":"4","author":"Gregor Gro Andreas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andreas Mühling and Gregor Große-Bölting. 2023. Novices' conceptions of machine learning. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 4 (2023), 100142.","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_97_1","volume-title":"Public understanding of artificial intelligence through entertainment media. AI & society","author":"Nader Karim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Karim Nader, Paul Toprac, Suzanne Scott, and Samuel Baker. 2024. Public understanding of artificial intelligence through entertainment media. AI & society, Vol. 39, 2 (2024), 713-726."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08993400500430362"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_99_1","volume-title":"Frontiers in Education","volume":"9","author":"Netere Adeladlew Kassie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adeladlew Kassie Netere, Anna-Marie Babey, Roisin Kelly-Laubscher, Thomas A Angelo, and Paul J White. 2024. Mapping design stages and methodologies for developing STEM concept inventories: a scoping review. In Frontiers in Education, Vol. 9. Frontiers Media SA, 1442833. doi:10.3389\/feduc.2024.1442833"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.13009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_102_1","volume-title":"Research in physics learning: theoretical issues and empirical studies","author":"Niedderer Hans","unstructured":"Hans Niedderer and Horst Schecker. 1992. Towards an explicit description of cognitive systems for research in physics learning. In Research in physics learning: theoretical issues and empirical studies; proceedings of an international workshop, Reinders Duit, Fred Goldberg, and Hans Niedderer (Eds.). Institut f\u00fcr die P\u00e4dagogik der Naturwissenschaften (IPN), Kiel, 74-98."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Frank G Nussbaum. 2023. A Comprehensive Review of AI Myths and Misconceptions. (2023). doi:10.13140\/RG.2.2.28098.15049","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.28098.15049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_104_1","unstructured":"OECD. 2019. Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence. https:\/\/legalinstruments.oecd.org\/en\/instruments\/OECD-LEGAL-0449 OECD\/LEGAL\/0449."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_105_1","unstructured":"OECD. 2025. Empowering learners for the age of AI: An AI literacy framework for primary and secondary education (Review draft). https:\/\/ailiteracyframework.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_106_1","unstructured":"Council of Europe. 2019. Unboxing Artificial Intelligence: 10 steps to protect Human Rights. Technical Report. Council of Europe."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_107_1","volume-title":"Initial Validation of the Cybersecurity Concept Inventory: Pilot Testing and Expert Review. In 2019 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). 1-9. doi:10","author":"Offenberger Spencer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spencer Offenberger, Geoffrey L. Herman, Peter Peterson, Alan T Sherman, Enis Golaszewski, Travis Scheponik, and Linda Oliva. 2019. Initial Validation of the Cybersecurity Concept Inventory: Pilot Testing and Expert Review. In 2019 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). 1-9. doi:10.1109\/FIE43999.2019.9028652"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_108_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education","author":"Olari Viktoriya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Viktoriya Olari and Ralf Romeike. 2021. Addressing AI and Data Literacy in Teacher Education: A Review of Existing Educational Frameworks. In Proceedings of the 16th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education (Virtual Event, Germany) (WiPSCE '21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 17, 2 pages. doi:10.1145\/3481312.3481351"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_109_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 1","author":"Parker Miranda C.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miranda C. Parker, He Ren, Min Li, and Chun Wang. 2024. Intersectional Biases Within an Introductory Computing Assessment. In Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 1 (Portland, OR, USA) (SIGCSE 2024). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1021\u20131027. doi:10.1145\/3626252.3630882"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_110_1","unstructured":"European Parliament. 2023. EU AI Act: First Regulation on Artificial Intelligence. Technical Report. https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/topics\/en\/article\/20230601STO93804\/eu-ai-act-first-regulation-on-artificial-intelligence Last updated on 19-02-2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_111_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (Toronto ON, Canada) (ICER '19)","author":"Porter Leo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leo Porter, Daniel Zingaro, Soohyun Nam Liao, Cynthia Taylor, Kevin C. Webb, Cynthia Lee, and Michael Clancy. 2019. BDSI: A Validated Concept Inventory for Basic Data Structures. In Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (Toronto ON, Canada) (ICER '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 111\u2013119. doi:10.1145\/3291279.3339404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3451346"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_113_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research","author":"Prasad Siddhartha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Siddhartha Prasad, Ben Greenman, Tim Nelson, John Wrenn, and Shriram Krishnamurthi. 2022. Making Hay from Wheats: A Classsourcing Method to Identify Misconceptions. In Proceedings of the 22nd Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research (Koli, Finland) (Koli Calling '22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 2, 7 pages. doi:10.1145\/3564721.3564726"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3077618"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_115_1","article-title":"Development and validation of the middle grades computer science concept inventory (MG-CSCI) assessment","volume":"16","author":"Rachmatullah Arif","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arif Rachmatullah, Bita Akram, Danielle Boulden, Bradford Mott, Kristy Boyer, James Lester, and Eric Wiebe. 2020. Development and validation of the middle grades computer science concept inventory (MG-CSCI) assessment. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, Vol. 16, 5 (2020), em1841.","journal-title":"EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_116_1","volume-title":"Chiara Di Lodovico, and Luigi Di Caro","author":"Rapp Amon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Amon Rapp, Chiara Di Lodovico, and Luigi Di Caro. 2025. How do people react to ChatGPT's unpredictable behavior? Anthropomorphism, uncanniness, and fear of AI: A qualitative study on individuals' perceptions and understandings of LLMs' nonsensical hallucinations. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies (2025), 103471."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2024.112552"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_118_1","unstructured":"Michael T. R\u00fccker Nils Pancratz Carolin Gold-Veerkamp Niels Pinkwart and Torsten Brinda. 2017. Alltagsvorstellungen in der Informatik: Erhebungsmethodik und Implikation f\u00fcr den Unterricht. Informatische Bildung zum Verstehen und Gestalten der digitalen Welt. https:\/\/dl.gi.de\/bitstreams\/2748f0ff-c93f-47b4-af8e-379c2a4de4da\/download"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-015-9592-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_120_1","volume-title":"Intelligent and Smart Systems. SN Computer Science","volume":"3","author":"Sarker Iqba H.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iqba H. Sarker. 2022. AI-Based Modeling: Techniques, Applications and Research Issues Towards Automation, Intelligent and Smart Systems. SN Computer Science, Vol. 3, 2 (2022). doi:10.1007\/s42979-022-01043-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_121_1","volume-title":"Minding the gap (s): public perceptions of AI and socio-technical imaginaries. AI & society","author":"Sartori Laura","year":"2023","unstructured":"Laura Sartori and Guilia Bocca. 2023. Minding the gap (s): public perceptions of AI and socio-technical imaginaries. AI & society, Vol. 38, 2 (2023), 443-458."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_122_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the 17th ACM Conference on ICER (USA) (ICER","author":"Sentance Sue","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sue Sentance and Jane Waite. 2021. Teachers' Perspectives on Talk in the Programming Classroom: Language as a Mediator. In Proc. of the 17th ACM Conference on ICER (USA) (ICER 2021). ACM, NY, USA, 266\u2013280."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_123_1","volume-title":"NCS","volume":"1271","author":"Sherman A. T.","year":"2021","unstructured":"A. T. Sherman et al., 2021. Experiences and Lessons Learned Creating and Validating Concept Inventories for Cybersecurity. In National Cyber Summit (NCS) Research Track 2020. NCS 2020, KK. R. Choo, T. Morris, G. L. Peterson, and E. Imsand (Eds.). Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Vol. 1271. Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007\/978-3-030-58703-1_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_124_1","volume-title":"Visual program simulation in introductory programming education","author":"Sorva Juha","unstructured":"Juha Sorva. 2012. Visual program simulation in introductory programming education. Aalto University."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/bvyku"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42438-025-00560-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeo.2024.100159"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-016-9602-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2014.970779","article-title":"Computer science concept inventories: past and future","volume":"24","author":"Taylor Cynthia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cynthia Taylor, Daniel Zingaro, Leo Porter, Kevin C Webb, Cynthia Bailey Lee, and Mike Clancy. 2014. Computer science concept inventories: past and future. Computer Science Education, Vol. 24, 4 (2014), 253-276.","journal-title":"Computer Science Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3097962"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_131_1","volume-title":"Digitally Transformed Education: Are We There Yet?","author":"Ten Kamilla","unstructured":"Kamilla Tenório, Ricardo Knauer, Raphael Wallsberger, Erik Rodner, and Ralf Romeike. 2025. Lecturers' Perspectives Regarding AI Competencies for Non-computer Science Students in Undergraduate Education. In Digitally Transformed Education: Are We There Yet?, Margaret Leahy and Christophe Reffay (Eds.). Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 28-38."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_132_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research","author":"Ten Kamilla","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kamilla Tenório and Ralf Romeike. 2024. AI Competencies for non-computer science students in undergraduate education: Towards a competency framework. In Proceedings of the 23rd Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research (Koli, Finland) (Koli Calling '23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 6, 12 pages. doi:10.1145\/3631802.3631829"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_133_1","first-page":"9795","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence","volume":"33","author":"Touretzky David","year":"2019","unstructured":"David Touretzky, Christina Gardner-McCune, Fred Martin, and Deborah Seehorn. 2019. Envisioning AI for K-12: What should every child know about AI?. In Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, Vol. 33. 9795-9799."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David S Touretzky and Christina Gardner-McCune. 2022. Artificial intelligence thinking in K-12. (2022).","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/13375.003.0013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_135_1","volume-title":"Beijing Consensus on Artificial Intelligence and Education. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Education, Planning Education in the AI Era: Lead the Leap","author":"UNESCO.","year":"2019","unstructured":"UNESCO. 2019. Beijing Consensus on Artificial Intelligence and Education. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Education, Planning Education in the AI Era: Lead the Leap. Beijing, 70. https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000368303 Also available in: Portugu\u00eas."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_136_1","unstructured":"UNESCO. 2021a. AI and Education: Guidelines for Policymakers. Technical Report. UNESCO."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_137_1","unstructured":"UNESCO. 2021b. Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000381137"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"UNESCO and Miao Fengchun and Cukurova Mutlu. 2024. AI Competency Framework for Teachers. Technical Report. UNESCO. doi:10.54675\/ZJTE2084","DOI":"10.54675\/ZJTE2084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"UNESCO and Miao Fengchun and Shiohira Kelly and Lao Natalie. 2024. AI Competency Framework for Students. Technical Report. UNESCO. doi:10.54675\/JKJB9835","DOI":"10.54675\/JKJB9835"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_140_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1","author":"Vandenberg Jessica","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jessica Vandenberg and Bradford Mott. 2023. ''AI Teaches Itself'': Exploring Young Learners' Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence for Instrument Development. In Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1 (Turku, Finland) (ITiCSE 2023). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 485\u2013490. doi:10.1145\/3587102.3588778"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4085","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11990-4","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence in K-12 Education: eliciting and reflecting on Swedish teachers' understanding of AI and its implications for teaching & learning","volume":"29","author":"Velander Johanna","year":"2024","unstructured":"Johanna Velander, Mohammed Ahmed Taiye, Nuno Otero, and Marcelo Milrad. 2024. Artificial Intelligence in K-12 Education: eliciting and reflecting on Swedish teachers' understanding of AI and its implications for teaching & learning. Education and Information Technologies, Vol. 29, 4 (2024), 4085-4105.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davide Del Vento and Alessandro Fanfarillo. 2019. Traps pitfalls and misconceptions of machine learning applied to scientific disciplines. In Practice and Experience in Advanced Research Computing 2019: Rise of the Machines (learning). 1-8.","DOI":"10.1145\/3332186.3332209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_143_1","volume-title":"2024 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). 01-05","author":"Vo Gia Minh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gia Minh Vo, Moritz Kreinsen, Rina Ferdinand, and Nils Pancratz. 2024. Draw, Find, and Describe AI for Me: Investigating Learners' Conceptions of Artificial Intelligence. In 2024 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). 01-05. doi:10.1109\/EDUCON60312.2024.10578628"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_144_1","unstructured":"Riina Vuorikari Stefano Kluzer and Yves Punie. 2022. DigComp 2.2: The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens - With New Examples of Knowledge Skills and Attitudes. Technical Report. JRC Publications Repository. https:\/\/publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/repository\/handle\/JRC128415"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_145_1","volume-title":"International Journal of Technology and Design Education","author":"Walan Susanne","year":"2024","unstructured":"Susanne Walan. 2024. Primary school students' perceptions of artificial intelligence-for good or bad. International Journal of Technology and Design Education (2024), 1-16."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/09528130601143109","article-title":"Three fundamental misconceptions of artificial intelligence","volume":"19","author":"Wang Pei","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pei Wang. 2007. Three fundamental misconceptions of artificial intelligence. Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 19, 3 (2007), 249-268.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_147_1","unstructured":"Randi Williams. 2018. PopBots: leveraging social robots to aid preschool children's artificial intelligence education. Ph.D. Dissertation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_148_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Glasgow, Scotland Uk) (CHI '19)","author":"Williams Randi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Randi Williams, Hae Won Park, and Cynthia Breazeal. 2019. A is for Artificial Intelligence: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Activities on Young Children's Perceptions of Robots. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Glasgow, Scotland Uk) (CHI '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1\u201311. doi:10.1145\/3290605.3300677"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_149_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eighth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","author":"Xie Benjamin","unstructured":"Benjamin Xie, Matt J. Davidson, Baker Franke, Emily McLeod, Min Li, and Amy J. Ko. 2021. Domain Experts' Interpretations of Assessment Bias in a Scaled, Online Computer Science Curriculum. In Proceedings of the Eighth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale (Virtual Event, Germany) (L@S '21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 77\u201389. doi:10.1145\/3430895.3460141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17645\/mac.v9i4.4090"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-018-9794-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00398-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12973\/ejmste\/7541410.12973\/ejmste\/75414"}],"event":{"name":"ITiCSE 2025:Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education","location":"Nijmegen Netherlands","sponsor":["SIGCSE ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Science Education"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2025 Working Group Reports on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3760545.3783976","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T17:51:56Z","timestamp":1770918716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3760545.3783976"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"references-count":153,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3760545.3783976","10.1145\/3760545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3760545.3783976","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}