{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T15:14:03Z","timestamp":1759331643483,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"5s","funder":[{"name":"National Key RD Program of China","award":["2022YFB4501100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB4501100"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.\u00a062372197, No.\u00a0U22A2071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.\u00a062372197, No.\u00a0U22A2071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013314","name":"111\u00a0Project","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.\u00a0B07038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.\u00a0B07038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013314","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ZR2024LZH004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024LZH004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Direct Access (DA) in Disaggregated Memory (DM) is a promising solution that meets the high-performance requirements of AI applications. However, it lacks effective support for metadata management, making metadata operations the major bottleneck. To address this, we propose Lemonade, a\n            <jats:underline>l<\/jats:underline>\n            earning-based h\n            <jats:underline>e<\/jats:underline>\n            terogeneous\n            <jats:underline>m<\/jats:underline>\n            etadata\n            <jats:underline>o<\/jats:underline>\n            ffloadi\n            <jats:underline>n<\/jats:underline>\n            g for dis\n            <jats:underline>a<\/jats:underline>\n            ggregate\n            <jats:underline>d<\/jats:underline>\n            m\n            <jats:underline>e<\/jats:underline>\n            mory. Lemonade splits the metadata into highly regular and irregular ones, thus offloading the former into the client to avoid remote queries and enabling request redirection in the SmartNIC for the latter to ensure cost-effective correction and updates. Evaluations under microbenchmark and YCSB workloads indicate that Lemonade reduces latency by 72.8% and achieves a 1.43\u00d7 increase in throughput compared to the state-of-the-art systems.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3761807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]],"date-time":"2025-08-16T11:07:12Z","timestamp":1755342432000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lemonade: Learning-based Heterogeneous Metadata Offloading for Disaggregated Memory"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4179-1531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeming","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5295-4680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5872-4890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9816-6135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaochang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0842-7602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuhan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9746-4714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"2021. A Peek Behind Colossus Googles File System. Retrieved Aug. 26 2025 from https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/blog\/products\/storage-data-transfer\/a-peek-behind-colossus-googles-file-system. (42021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3606557.3606563"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3606557.3606562"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"AMD. 2024. Zynq Ultrascale+ MPSoC. (2024). Retrieved Aug. 26 2025 from https:\/\/www.amd.com\/en\/products\/adaptive-socs-and-fpgas\/soc\/zynq-ultrascale-plus-mpsoc.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"93","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 20)","author":"Arashloo Mina Tahmasbi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mina Tahmasbi Arashloo, Alexey Lavrov, Manya Ghobadi, Jennifer Rexford, David Walker, and David Wentzlaff. 2020. Enabling programmable transport protocols in \\(\\lbrace\\) High-Speed \\(\\rbrace\\) \\(\\lbrace\\) NICs \\(\\rbrace\\) . In Proceedings of the 17th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 20). 93\u2013109."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"HDFS architecture guide","volume":"53","author":"Borthakur Dhruba","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dhruba Borthakur. 2008. HDFS architecture guide. Hadoop Apache Project 53, 1\u201313 (2008), 2.","journal-title":"Hadoop Apache Project"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1145\/3543668","article-title":"hXDP: Efficient software packet processing on FPGA NICs","volume":"65","author":"Brunella Marco Spaziani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marco Spaziani Brunella, Giacomo Belocchi, Marco Bonola, Salvatore Pontarelli, Giuseppe Siracusano, Giuseppe Bianchi, Aniello Cammarano, Alessandro Palumbo, Luca Petrucci, and Roberto Bifulco. 2022. hXDP: Efficient software packet processing on FPGA NICs. Commun. ACM 65, 8 (2022), 92\u2013100.","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Hot Chips 33 Symposium (HCS)","author":"Burstein Idan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Idan Burstein. 2021. Nvidia data center processing unit (DPU) architecture. In Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Hot Chips 33 Symposium (HCS). IEEE, 1\u201320."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Caspi D. Pilaud N. Halbwachs and J. A. Plaice. 1987. LUSTRE: A declarative language for real-time programming. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN symposium on Principles of Programming Languages. 178\u2013188.","DOI":"10.1145\/41625.41641"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 40th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)","author":"Choi Sean","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sean Choi, Muhammad Shahbaz, Balaji Prabhakar, and Mendel Rosenblum. 2020. \\(\\lambda\\) -NIC: Interactive serverless compute on programmable SmartNICs. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 40th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS). IEEE, 67\u201377."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"A. CLOUD. 2024. Accelerating the Future with Alibaba Cloud. (2024). Retrieved Aug. 26 2025 from https:\/\/www.alibabacloud.com\/blog\/599183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"Y. Collet. 2016. Zstd GitHub Repository from Facebook. Project Initiated Circa. Retrieved Aug. 26 2025 from https:\/\/github.com\/facebook\/zstd"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"NVIDIA Corporation. 2023. NVIDIA BlueField Networking Platform. (2023). Retrieved Aug. 26 2025 from https:\/\/www.nvidia.com\/en-us\/networking\/products\/data-processing-unit\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2022.3170574"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201920)","author":"Dai Yifan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yifan Dai, Yien Xu, Aishwarya Ganesan, Ramnatthan Alagappan, Brian Kroth, Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau, and Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau. 2020. From Wisckey to Bourbon: A learned index for log-structured merge trees. In Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201920). USENIX Association, USA, Article 9, 17 pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peter Deutsch and J.-L. Gailly. 1996. RFC1950: ZLIB compressed data format specification version 3.3. (1996).","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc1950"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3318464.3389711"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3425879.3425880"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3250407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3389133.3389135"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3299869.3319860"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3654972"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"249","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 16)","author":"Gao Peter X.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peter X. Gao, Akshay Narayan, Sagar Karandikar, Joao Carreira, Sangjin Han, Rachit Agarwal, Sylvia Ratnasamy, and Scott Shenker. 2016. Network requirements for resource disaggregation. In Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 16). 249\u2013264."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579370.3594769"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3387514.3405895"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"915","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 23)","author":"Guo Hao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hao Guo, Youyou Lu, Wenhao Lv, Xiaojian Liao, Shaoxun Zeng, and Jiwu Shu. 2023. SingularFS: A billion-scale distributed file system using a single metadata server. In Proceedings of the 2023 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 23). USENIX Association, Boston, MA, 915\u2013928. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/atc23\/presentation\/guo"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3503222.3507762"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3384345.3384349"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","unstructured":"Fungible Inc.2023. The Fungible DPU. (2023). Retrieved Aug. 26 2025 from https:\/\/www.hc32.hotchips.org\/assets\/program\/conference\/day2\/HotChips2020_Networking_Fungible_v04.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","unstructured":"INTEL. 2024. Infrastructure Processing Unit (IPU). (2024). Retrieved Aug. 26 2025 from https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/products\/details\/network-io\/ipu.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","unstructured":"KALRAY. 2024. MPPA Technology. (2024). Retrieved Aug. 26 2025 from https:\/\/www.kalrayinc.com\/products\/mppa-technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3477132.3483565"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","article-title":"A Hardware Implementation of the Snappy Compression Algorithm","author":"Kovacs Kyle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kyle Kovacs. 2019. A Hardware Implementation of the Snappy Compression Algorithm. Masters thesis, UC Berkeley EECS.","journal-title":"Masters thesis, UC Berkeley EECS"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3589284"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","unstructured":"D. Lange and S.-C. Hsu. 2019. AccelNet: Future research software collaboration for high energy physics. Draft white paper 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sekwon Lee Soujanya Ponnapalli Sharad Singhal Marcos Aguilera Kimberly Keeton and Vijay Chidambaram. 2022. Dinomo: An elastic scalable high-performance key-value store for disaggregated persistent memory. Proc. VLDB Endow. 15 13 (2022) 4023\u20134037.","DOI":"10.14778\/3565838.3565854"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3477132.3483561"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 22)","author":"Lee Youngmoon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Youngmoon Lee, Hasan Al Maruf, Mosharaf Chowdhury, Asaf Cidon, and Kang G. Shin. 2022. Hydra: Resilient and highly available remote memory. In Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 22). 181\u2013198."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2934872.2934897"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3575693.3578835"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 23)","author":"Li Pengfei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pengfei Li, Yu Hua, Pengfei Zuo, Zhangyu Chen, and Jiajie Sheng. 2023. ROLEX: A scalable RDMA-oriented learned key-value store for disaggregated memory systems. In Proceedings of the 21st USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 23). USENIX Association, Santa Clara, CA, 99\u2013114. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/fast23\/presentation\/li-pengfei"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 23)","author":"Li Qiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qiang Li, Lulu Chen, Xiaoliang Wang, Shuo Huang, Qiao Xiang, Yuanyuan Dong, Wenhui Yao, Minfei Huang, Puyuan Yang, Shanyang Liu, et\u00a0al. 2023. Fisc: A large-scale cloud-native-oriented file system. In Proceedings of the 21st USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 23). 231\u2013246."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3126908.3126928"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2024.3404089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1555815.1555789"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","first-page":"243","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 20)","author":"Lin Jiaxin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiaxin Lin, Kiran Patel, Brent E. Stephens, Anirudh Sivaraman, and Aditya Akella. 2020. \\(\\lbrace\\) PANIC \\(\\rbrace\\) : A \\(\\lbrace\\) High-Performance \\(\\rbrace\\) programmable \\(\\lbrace\\) NIC \\(\\rbrace\\) for multi-tenant networks. In Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 20). 243\u2013259."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2019.00165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3341302.3342079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","first-page":"450","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 42nd Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture","author":"Lo David","year":"2015","unstructured":"David Lo, Liqun Cheng, Rama Govindaraju, Parthasarathy Ranganathan, and Christos Kozyrakis. 2015. Heracles: Improving resource efficiency at scale. In Proceedings of the 42nd Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture. 450\u2013462."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","first-page":"553","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 23)","author":"Luo Xuchuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xuchuan Luo, Pengfei Zuo, Jiacheng Shen, Jiazhen Gu, Xin Wang, Michael R. Lyu, and Yangfan Zhou. 2023. SMART: A high-performance adaptive radix tree for disaggregated memory. In Proceedings of the 17th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 23). USENIX Association, Boston, MA, 553\u2013571. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/osdi23\/presentation\/luo"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 22)","author":"Lv Wenhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wenhao Lv, Youyou Lu, Yiming Zhang, Peile Duan, and Jiwu Shu. 2022. \\(\\lbrace\\) InfiniFS \\(\\rbrace\\) : An efficient metadata service for \\(\\lbrace\\) Large-Scale \\(\\rbrace\\) distributed filesystems. In Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 22). 313\u2013328."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3510397.3510405"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on ML for Systems at NeurIPS","author":"Margaritov Artemiy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Artemiy Margaritov, Dmitrii Ustiugov, Edouard Bugnion, and Boris Grot. 2018. Virtual address translation via learned page table indexes. In Proceedings of the Workshop on ML for Systems at NeurIPS."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","unstructured":"MARVELL. 2024. Data Processing Units (DPUs). (2024). Retrieved Aug. 26 2025 from https:\/\/www.marvell.com\/products\/data-processing-units.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72284-4_24","volume-title":"Science, Engineering Management and Information Technology","author":"Maulidina Alysha Puti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alysha Puti Maulidina, Rachel Anastasia Wijaya, Kimberly Mazel, and Maria Seraphina Astriani. 2024. Comparative study of data compression algorithms: Zstandard, zlib & LZ4. In Science, Engineering Management and Information Technology. A. Mirzazadeh, Zohreh Molamohamadi, Babek Erdebilli, Efran Babaee Tirkolaee, and Gerhard-Wilhelm Weber (Eds.), Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 394\u2013406."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","unstructured":"MICROSOFT. 2023. Microsoft Announces Acquisition of Fungible to Accelerate Datacenter Innovation. (2023). Retrieved Aug. 26 2025 from https:\/\/blogs.microsoft.com\/blog\/2023\/01\/09\/microsoft-announces-acquisition-of-fungible-to-accelerate-datacenter-innovation\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","unstructured":"Ethan L. Miller K. Greenan A. Leung D. Long and A. Wildani. 2008. Reliable and efficient metadata storage and indexing using NVRAM. Retrieved Aug. 26 2025 from https:\/\/Dcslab.Hanyang.ac.kr\/nvramos08\/EthanMiller.pdf. (2008)."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4236\/jcc.2023.116006","article-title":"CXL (compute express link) technology","volume":"11","author":"Nag Santhosh Nagaraj","year":"2023","unstructured":"Santhosh Nagaraj Nag. 2023. CXL (compute express link) technology. J. Comput. Commun. 11, 6 (2023), 94\u2013102.","journal-title":"J. Comput. Commun."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-024-10925-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th EuroSys Conference","author":"Nitu Vlad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vlad Nitu, Boris Teabe, Alain Tchana, Canturk Isci, and Daniel Hagimont. 2018. Welcome to zombieland: Practical and energy-efficient memory disaggregation in a datacenter. In Proceedings of the 13th EuroSys Conference. 1\u201312."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130096","article-title":"Direct access compared with referred physical therapy episodes of care: A systematic review","volume":"94","author":"Ojha Heidi A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heidi A. Ojha, Rachel S. Snyder, and Todd E. Davenport. 2014. Direct access compared with referred physical therapy episodes of care: A systematic review. Phys. Ther. 94, 1 (2014), 14\u201330.","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International System Administration and Networking Conference (SANE 2000)","author":"Pawlowski Brian","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brian Pawlowski, David Noveck, David Robinson, and Robert Thurlow. 2000. The NFS version 4 protocol. In Proceedings of the 2nd International System Administration and Networking Conference (SANE 2000). Citeseer."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","first-page":"663","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 18)","author":"Phothilimthana Phitchaya Mangpo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Phitchaya Mangpo Phothilimthana, Ming Liu, Antoine Kaufmann, Simon Peter, Rastislav Bodik, and Thomas Anderson. 2018. Floem: A programming system for \\(\\lbrace\\) NIC-Accelerated \\(\\rbrace\\) network applications. In Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 18). 663\u2013679."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 22)","author":"Qiao Yifan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yifan Qiao, Xubin Chen, Ning Zheng, Jiangpeng Li, Yang Liu, and Tong Zhang. 2022. Closing the B+-tree vs. LSM-tree write amplification gap on modern storage hardware with built-in transparent compression. In Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 22). USENIX Association, Santa Clara, CA, 69\u201382. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/fast22\/presentation\/qiao"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","first-page":"8887","article-title":"Comparative study of data compression techniques","volume":"975","author":"Rajput Anshul Anup","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anshul Anup Rajput, Ravi Ashok Rajput, and Pooja Raundale. 2019. Comparative study of data compression techniques. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 975 (2019), 8887.","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SC.2014.25"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","first-page":"315","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 20)","author":"Ruan Zhenyuan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhenyuan Ruan, Malte Schwarzkopf, Marcos K. Aguilera, and Adam Belay. 2020. \\(\\lbrace\\) AIFM \\(\\rbrace\\) : \\(\\lbrace\\) High-performance \\(\\rbrace ,\\lbrace\\) application-integrated \\(\\rbrace\\) far memory. In Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 20). 315\u2013332."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Rethinking distributed query execution on high-speed networks.","volume":"40","author":"Salama Abdallah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdallah Salama, Carsten Binnig, Tim Kraska, Ansgar Scherp, and Tobias Ziegler. 2017. Rethinking distributed query execution on high-speed networks. IEEE Data Eng. Bull. 40, 1 (2017), 27\u201337.","journal-title":"IEEE Data Eng. Bull."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","article-title":"AWS EC2 virtualization: Introducing nitro","author":"Schlaeger Chris","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chris Schlaeger. 2018. AWS EC2 virtualization: Introducing nitro. AWS Summit (2018).","journal-title":"AWS Summit"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 18)","author":"Shan Yizhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yizhou Shan, Yutong Huang, Yilun Chen, and Yiying Zhang. 2018. \\(\\lbrace\\) LegoOS \\(\\rbrace\\) : A disseminated, distributed \\(\\lbrace\\) OS \\(\\rbrace\\) for hardware resource disaggregation. In Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 18). 69\u201387."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 23)","author":"Shen Jiacheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiacheng Shen, Pengfei Zuo, Xuchuan Luo, Tianyi Yang, Yuxin Su, Yangfan Zhou, and Michael R. Lyu. 2023. FUSEE: A fully memory-disaggregated key-value store. In Proceedings of the 21st USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 23). USENIX Association, Santa Clara, CA, 81\u201398. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/fast23\/presentation\/shen"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","first-page":"255","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 19)","author":"Shrivastav Vishal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vishal Shrivastav, Asaf Valadarsky, Hitesh Ballani, Paolo Costa, Ki Suh Lee, Han Wang, Rachit Agarwal, and Hakim Weatherspoon. 2019. Shoal: A network architecture for disaggregated racks. In Proceedings of the 16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 19). 255\u2013270."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3575693.3575744"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3342195.3387517"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3342195.3387517"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 20)","author":"Tsai Shin-Yeh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shin-Yeh Tsai, Yizhou Shan, and Yiying Zhang. 2020. Disaggregating persistent memory and controlling them remotely: An exploration of passive disaggregated \\(\\lbrace\\) key-value \\(\\rbrace\\) stores. In Proceedings of the 2020 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 20). 33\u201348."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132762"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","first-page":"261","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 20)","author":"Wang Chenxi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chenxi Wang, Haoran Ma, Shi Liu, Yuanqi Li, Zhenyuan Ruan, Khanh Nguyen, Michael D. Bond, Ravi Netravali, Miryung Kim, and Guoqing Harry Xu. 2020. Semeru: A \\(\\lbrace\\) memory-disaggregated \\(\\rbrace\\) managed runtime. In Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 20). 261\u2013280."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3514221.3517824"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","first-page":"277","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 21)","author":"Wang Qing","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qing Wang, Youyou Lu, Erci Xu, Junru Li, Youmin Chen, and Jiwu Shu. 2021. Concordia: Distributed shared memory with \\(\\lbrace\\) in-network \\(\\rbrace\\) cache coherence. In Proceedings of the 19th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 21). 277\u2013292."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3468520"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","first-page":"307","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201906)","author":"Weil Sage","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sage Weil, Scott A. Brandt, Ethan L. Miller, Darrell D. E. Long, and Carlos Maltzahn. 2006. Ceph: A scalable, high-performance distributed file system. In Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201906). 307\u2013320."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","unstructured":"Alex Woodie. 2024. MinIO Debuts DataPod. Retrieved Aug. 26 2025 from https:\/\/www.hpcwire.com\/2024\/08\/06\/minio-debuts-datapod-a-reference-architecture-for-exascale-ai-storage\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3494523"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","unstructured":"Yahoo. 2019. Yahoo! Cloud Serving Benchmark (YCSB). Retrieved Aug. 26 2025 from https:\/\/github.com\/brianfrankcooper\/YCSB"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3448016.3457569"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Erfan Zamanian Carsten Binnig Tim Harris and Tim Kraska. 2017. The end of a myth: Distributed transactions can scale. Proc. VLDB Endow. 10 6 (February 2017) 685\u2013696. 10.14778\/3055330.3055335","DOI":"10.14778\/3055330.3055335"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","first-page":"801","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 24)","author":"Zhang Ming","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ming Zhang, Yu Hua, and Zhijun Yang. 2024. Motor: Enabling \\(\\lbrace\\) multi-versioning \\(\\rbrace\\) for distributed transactions on disaggregated memory. In Proceedings of the 18th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 24). 801\u2013819."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 22)","author":"Zhang Ming","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ming Zhang, Yu Hua, Pengfei Zuo, and Lurong Liu. 2022. \\(\\lbrace\\) FORD \\(\\rbrace\\) : Fast one-sided \\(\\lbrace\\) RDMA-based \\(\\rbrace\\) distributed transactions for disaggregated persistent memory. In Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 22). 51\u201368."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3600006.3613135"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1109\/CLUSTER52292.2023.00030","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing (CLUSTER)","author":"Zhang Yiwen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yiwen Zhang, Guokuan Li, Jiguang Wan, Junyue Wang, Jun Li, Ting Yao, Huatao Wu, and Daohui Wang. 2023. DoW-KV: A DPU-offloaded and write-optimized key-value store on disaggregated persistent memory. In Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing (CLUSTER). IEEE, 271\u2013283."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 9th Parallel Data Storage Workshop","author":"Zheng Qing","year":"2014","unstructured":"Qing Zheng, Kai Ren, and Garth Gibson. 2014. BatchFS: Scaling the file system control plane with client-funded metadata servers. In Proceedings of the 2014 9th Parallel Data Storage Workshop. IEEE, 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 22)","author":"Zhou Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang Zhou, Hassan M. G. Wassel, Sihang Liu, Jiaqi Gao, James Mickens, Minlan Yu, Chris Kennelly, Paul Turner, David E. Culler, Henry M. Levy, et\u00a0al. 2022. Carbink: \\(\\lbrace\\) Fault-Tolerant \\(\\rbrace\\) far memory. In Proceedings of the 16th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 22). 55\u201371."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","first-page":"271","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 25)","author":"Zhu Wenbin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wenbin Zhu, Zhaoyan Shen, Qian Wei, Renhai Chen, Xin Yao, Dongxiao Yu, and Zili Shao. 2025. \\(\\lbrace\\) HiDPU \\(\\rbrace\\) : A \\(\\lbrace\\) DPU-Oriented \\(\\rbrace\\) hybrid indexing scheme for disaggregated storage systems. In Proceedings of the 23rd USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 25). 271\u2013285."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3299869.3300081"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 21)","author":"Zuo Pengfei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pengfei Zuo, Jiazhao Sun, Liu Yang, Shuangwu Zhang, and Yu Hua. 2021. One-sided \\(\\lbrace\\) RDMA-Conscious \\(\\rbrace\\) extendible hashing for disaggregated memory. In Proceedings of the 2021 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 21). 15\u201329."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3761807","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T13:45:28Z","timestamp":1759239928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3761807"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5s","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3761807"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3761807","relation":{},"ISSN":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1539-9087"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1558-3465"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}