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In addition, the development of new quantum computers and their components also depends on simulations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Given the characteristics of a quantum computer, their simulation is a very demanding application in terms of both computation and memory. As such, simulations do not scale well in current classical systems. Thus different optimisation and approximation techniques need to be applied at different levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This review provides an overview of the components of a quantum computer, the levels at which these components and the whole quantum computer can be simulated, and an in-depth analysis of different state-of-the-art acceleration approaches. Besides the optimisations that can be performed at the algorithmic level, this review presents the most promising hardware-aware optimisations and future directions that can be explored for improving the performance and scalability of the simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3762672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T11:41:17Z","timestamp":1757590877000},"page":"1-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Simulation of Quantum Computers: Review and Acceleration Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9176-0605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Cicero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg","place":["Goteborg, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9019-3605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Maleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg","place":["Goteborg, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0477-4540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Waqar","family":"Azhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zeropoint Technologies AB","place":["Goteborg, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2534-3021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton Frisk","family":"Kockum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology","place":["Goteborg, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2776-9253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Trancoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg","place":["Goteborg, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd Computational Complexity Conference.","author":"Aaronson Scott","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scott Aaronson and Lijie Chen. 2017. 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