{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T07:01:56Z","timestamp":1781334116830,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"6","funder":[{"name":"Designing Interaction Freedom","award":["101097708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101097708"]}]},{"name":"UK Horizon guarantee scheme","award":["EP\/Y029178\/1, EP\/T00097X\/1, EP\/R018634\/1, and EP\/T021020\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/Y029178\/1, EP\/T00097X\/1, EP\/R018634\/1, and EP\/T021020\/1"]}]},{"name":"research gifts from Google and Aegean Airlines"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Active Inference<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a closed-loop computational theoretical basis for understanding behaviour, based on agents with internal probabilistic generative models that encode their beliefs about how hidden states in their environment cause their sensations. We review Active Inference and how it could be applied to model the human\u2013computer interaction loop. Active Inference provides a coherent framework for managing generative models of humans, their environments, sensors and interface components. It informs off-line design and supports real-time, online adaptation. It provides model-based explanations for behaviours observed in HCI, and new conceptual tools with the potential to measure important concepts such as agency and engagement in interaction. We discuss how Active Inference offers a new basis for a theory of interaction in HCI, tools for design of modern, complex sensor-based systems, and integration of artificial intelligence technologies, enabling it to cope with diversity in human users and contexts. We discuss the practical challenges in implementing such Active Inference-based systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3762812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T16:01:42Z","timestamp":1756483302000},"page":"1-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Active Inference and Human\u2013Computer Interaction"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4228-7962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roderick","family":"Murray-Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8085-7853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John H.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1828-4008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-012-0475-5","article-title":"Predictions not commands: Active inference in the motor system","volume":"218","author":"Adams Rick A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rick A. Adams, Stewart Shipp, and Karl J. Friston. 2013. Predictions not commands: Active inference in the motor system. Brain Structure and Function 218 (2013), 611\u2013643.","journal-title":"Brain Structure and Function"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-021-10108-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"Notes on the Synthesis of Form","author":"Alexander Christopher","year":"1964","unstructured":"Christopher Alexander. 1964. Notes on the Synthesis of Form. Harvard University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Scott Alexander. 2018. God Help Us Let\u2019s Try to Understand Friston on Free Energy. Retrieved from https:\/\/slatestarcodex.com\/2018\/03\/04\/god-help-us-lets-try-to-understand-friston-on-free-energy\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","article-title":"Local causal and Markov blanket induction for causal discovery and feature selection for classification. Part I: Algorithms and empirical evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Aliferis Constantin F.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Constantin F. Aliferis, Alexander Statnikov, Ioannis Tsamardinos, Subramani Mani, and Xenofon D. Koutsoukos. 2010. Local causal and Markov blanket induction for causal discovery and feature selection for classification. Part I: Algorithms and empirical evaluation. Journal of Machine Learning Research 11, 1 (2010), 171\u2013234.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","unstructured":"Susan Amin Maziar Gomrokchi Harsh Satija Herke van Hoof and Doina Precup. 2021. A survey of exploration methods in reinforcement learning. arXiv:2109.00157. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2109.00157"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.05161"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsw154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/989863.989865"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580651"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2024.103381"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173952"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"387187","article-title":"Expanding the active inference landscape: More intrinsic motivations in the perception-action loop","volume":"12","author":"Biehl Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin Biehl, Christian Guckelsberger, Christoph Salge, Sim\u00f3n C. Smith, and Daniel Polani. 2018. Expanding the active inference landscape: More intrinsic motivations in the perception-action loop. Frontiers in Neurorobotics 12 (2018), 387187.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurorobotics"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmp.2015.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2018.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315081656","volume-title":"Causality and Modern Science","author":"Bunge Mario","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mario Bunge. 2017. Causality and Modern Science. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025502"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190905385.001.0001","volume-title":"The Brain from Inside Out","author":"Buzs\u00e1ki Gy\u00f6rgy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gy\u00f6rgy Buzs\u00e1ki. 2019. The Brain from Inside Out. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"45","article-title":"The model human processor\u2014An engineering model of human performance","volume":"2","author":"Card Stuart","year":"1986","unstructured":"Stuart Card, Thomas P. Moran, and Allen Newell. 1986. The model human processor\u2014An engineering model of human performance. Handbook of Perception and Human Performance 2 (1986), 45\u201341.","journal-title":"Handbook of Perception and Human Performance"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/578027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3460231.3478849"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","unstructured":"Stephen Casper Xander Davies Claudia Shi Thomas Krendl Gilbert J\u00e9r\u00e9my Scheurer Javier Rando Rachel Freedman Tomasz Korbak David Lindner Pedro Freire et al. 2023. Open problems and fundamental limitations of reinforcement learning from human feedback. arXiv:2307.15217. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2307.15217"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2020.574372"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s42113-024-00208-6","article-title":"A workflow for building computationally rational models of human behavior","author":"Chandramouli Suyog","year":"2024","unstructured":"Suyog Chandramouli, Danqing Shi, Aini Putkonen, Sebastiaan De Peuter, Shanshan Zhang, Jussi Jokinen, Andrew Howes, and Antti Oulasvirta. 2024. A workflow for building computationally rational models of human behavior. Computational Brain & Behavior 7 (2024), 399\u2013419.","journal-title":"Computational Brain & Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","article-title":"Intrinsically motivated reinforcement learning","volume":"17","author":"Chentanez Nuttapong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nuttapong Chentanez, Andrew Barto, and Satinder Singh. 2004. Intrinsically motivated reinforcement learning. In Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 17.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","volume-title":"Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence","author":"Clark A.","year":"2003","unstructured":"A. Clark. 2003. Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195333213.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","volume-title":"Surfing Uncertainty: Prediction, Action, and the Embodied Mind","author":"Clark Andy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Andy Clark. 2015. Surfing Uncertainty: Prediction, Action, and the Embodied Mind. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Philosophy and Predictive Processing","author":"Clark Andy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andy Clark. 2017. How to knit your own Markov blanket: Resisting the second law with metamorphic minds. In Philosophy and Predictive Processing. Thomas Metzinger and Wanja Wiese (Eds.), MIND Group, Frankfurt am Main, 3."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","volume-title":"The Experience Machine: How Our Minds Predict and Shape Reality","author":"Clark Andy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andy Clark. 2023. The Experience Machine: How Our Minds Predict and Shape Reality. Pantheon."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.949138"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","volume-title":"Monte Carlo Tree Search for Continuous and Stochastic Sequential Decision Making Problems","author":"Couetoux Adrien","year":"2013","unstructured":"Adrien Couetoux. 2013. Monte Carlo Tree Search for Continuous and Stochastic Sequential Decision Making Problems. Ph.D. Dissertation. Universit\u00e9 Paris Sud-Paris XI."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-75538-8_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208350"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3390\/e24030361","article-title":"How active inference could help revolutionise robotics","volume":"24","author":"Costa Lancelot Da","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lancelot Da Costa, Pablo Lanillos, Noor Sajid, Karl Friston, and Shujhat Khan. 2022. How active inference could help revolutionise robotics. Entropy 24, 3 (2022), 361.","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21616-9_42"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","first-page":"465","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-11)","author":"Deisenroth Marc","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marc Deisenroth and Carl E. Rasmussen. 2011. PILCO: A model-based and data-efficient approach to policy search. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-11), 465\u2013472."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3437-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","first-page":"4560","article-title":"AvE: Assistance via empowerment","volume":"33","author":"Du Yuqing","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuqing Du, Stas Tiomkin, Emre Kiciman, Daniel Polani, Pieter Abbeel, and Anca Dragan. 2020. AvE: Assistance via empowerment. In Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 33, 4560\u20134571.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2024.1341750"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518748","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Fekete Jean-Daniel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jean-Daniel Fekete, Niklas Elmqvist, and Yves Guiard. 2009. Motion-pointing: Target selection using elliptical motions. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 289\u2013298."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","volume-title":"The H-Metaphor as a Guideline for Vehicle Automation and Interaction","author":"Flemisch Frank O.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Frank O. Flemisch, Catherine A. Adams, Sheila R. Conway, Ken H. Goodrich, Michael T. Palmer, and Paul C. Schutte. 2003. The H-Metaphor as a Guideline for Vehicle Automation and Interaction. Technical Memorandum 20040031835. NASA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","first-page":"89","article-title":"Embodied inference: Or \u201cI think therefore I am, if I am what I think\u201d","author":"Friston Karl","year":"2011","unstructured":"Karl Friston. 2011. Embodied inference: Or \u201cI think therefore I am, if I am what I think\u201d. In The Implications of Embodiment (Cognition and Communication). W. Tschacher and C. Bergomi (Eds.), Exeter, 89\u2013125.","journal-title":"The Implications of Embodiment (Cognition and Communication)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e14112100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0475"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01351"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","first-page":"70","article-title":"A free energy principle for the bra","volume":"100","author":"Friston Karl","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karl Friston, James Kilner, and Lee Harrison. 2006. A free energy principle for the bra. Journal of Physiology 100, 1\u20133 (2006), 70\u201387.","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-011-0424-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-012-0512-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-012-0512-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0481"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006421"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.1.14258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","unstructured":"Andrew Gelman Aki Vehtari Daniel Simpson Charles C. Margossian Bob Carpenter Yuling Yao Lauren Kennedy Jonah Gabry Paul-Christian B\u00fcrkner and Martin Modr\u00e1k. 2020. Bayesian workflow. arXiv:2011.01808. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2011.01808"},{"issue":"1038","key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","first-page":"181","article-title":"Perceptions as hypotheses","volume":"290","author":"Gregory Richard Langton","year":"1980","unstructured":"Richard Langton Gregory. 1980. Perceptions as hypotheses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 290, 1038 (1980), 181\u2013197.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","volume-title":"A Systematic Exploration of Uncertainty in Interactive Systems","author":"Greis Miriam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miriam Greis. 2017. A Systematic Exploration of Uncertainty in Interactive Systems. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Stuttgart."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21428\/e2759450.7b420317"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","article-title":"Inverse reward design","author":"Hadfield-Menell Dylan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dylan Hadfield-Menell, Smitha Milli, Pieter Abbeel, Stuart J. Russell, and Anca Dragan. 2017. Inverse reward design. In Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 30.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","article-title":"Cooperative inverse reinforcement learning","author":"Hadfield-Menell Dylan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dylan Hadfield-Menell, Stuart J. Russell, Pieter Abbeel, and Anca Dragan. 2016. Cooperative inverse reinforcement learning. In Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 29.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08744-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9780898718836"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.04098"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199682737.001.0001"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/014233129902100404","article-title":"Modelling the controller of a process","volume":"2","author":"Hollnagel Erik","year":"1999","unstructured":"Erik Hollnagel. 1999. Modelling the controller of a process. Trans Inst MC 2, 4\/5 (1999), 163\u2013170.","journal-title":"Trans Inst MC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315557380-21","volume-title":"The Handbook of Human-Machine Interaction","author":"Hollnagel Erik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Erik Hollnagel. 2017. The diminishing relevance of human\u2013machine Interaction. In The Handbook of Human-Machine Interaction. Guy A. Boy (Ed.), CRC Press, 417\u2013429."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420038194"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Hornb\u00e6k Kasper","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kasper Hornb\u00e6k and Antti Oulasvirta. 2017. What is interaction? In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","volume-title":"Introduction to Human\u2013Computer Interaction","author":"Hornb\u00e6k Kasper","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kasper Hornb\u00e6k, Per Ola Kristensson, and Antti Oulasvirta. 2024. Introduction to Human\u2013Computer Interaction. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025765"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aaai.12116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","unstructured":"Eugene Ie Chih-Wei Hsu Martin Mladenov Vihan Jain Sanmit Narvekar Jing Wang Rui Wu and Craig Boutilier. 2019. RecSim: A configurable simulation platform for recommender systems. arXiv:1909.04847. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1909.04847"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3526113.3545689"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3397271.3401230"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3458509"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","volume-title":"The Principles of Psychology","author":"James William","year":"1890","unstructured":"William James, Frederick Burkhardt, Fredson Bowers, and Ignas K. Skrupskelis. 1890. The Principles of Psychology, Vol. 1. Macmillan, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300873"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445147"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e23070830"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","unstructured":"Oskar Keurulainen Gokhan Alcan and Ville Kyrki. 2024. The role of higher-order cognitive models in active learning. arXiv:2401.04397. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2401.04397"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Diederik P. Kingma and Max Welling. 2013. Auto-encoding variational Bayes. arXiv:1312.6114. DOI: 10.48550\/arXiv.1312.6114","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1312.6114"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2017.0792"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-019-02370-y","article-title":"How to determine the boundaries of the mind: A Markov blanket proposal","volume":"198","author":"Kirchhoff Michael D.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Michael D. Kirchhoff and Julian Kiverstein. 2021. How to determine the boundaries of the mind: A Markov blanket proposal. Synthese 198, 5 (2021), 4791\u20134810.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2005.1554676"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445566"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e253","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X16001837","article-title":"Building machines that learn and think like people","volume":"40","author":"Lake Brenden M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brenden M. Lake, Tomer D. Ullman, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, and Samuel J. Gershman. 2017. Building machines that learn and think like people. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 40 (2017), e253.","journal-title":"The Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","unstructured":"Alexander Lavin Hector Zenil Brooks Paige David Krakauer Justin Gottschlich Tim Mattson Anima Anandkumar Sanjay Choudry Kamil Rocki At\u0131l\u0131m G\u00fcne\u015f Baydin et al. 2021. Simulation intelligence: Towards a new generation of scientific methods. arXiv:2112.03235. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2112.03235"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","volume-title":"The Atomic Human: Understanding Ourselves in the Age of AI","author":"Lawrence Neil D.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Neil D. Lawrence. 2024. The Atomic Human: Understanding Ourselves in the Age of AI. Random House."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00643"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","unstructured":"Alianna J. Maren. 2017. How to Read Karl Friston (in the Original Greek). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.aliannajmaren.com\/2017\/07\/27\/how-to-read-karl-friston-in-the-original-greek\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1109\/THFE.1967.234304","article-title":"A review of quasi-linear pilot models","volume":"8","author":"McRuer D. T.","year":"1967","unstructured":"D. T. McRuer and H. R. Jex. 1967. A review of quasi-linear pilot models. IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics 8, 3 (1967), 231\u2013249.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_2","unstructured":"Beren Millidge Anil Seth and Christopher L. Buckley. 2021. Predictive coding: A theoretical and experimental review. arXiv:2107.12979. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2107.12979"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01354"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016054","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab5d5c","article-title":"Active inference as a unifying, generic and adaptive framework for a P300-based BCI","volume":"17","author":"Mladenovic Jelena","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jelena Mladenovic, J\u00e9r\u00e9my Frey, Mateus Joffily, Emmanuel Maby, Fabien Lotte, and J\u00e9r\u00e9mie Mattout. 2020. Active inference as a unifying, generic and adaptive framework for a P300-based BCI. Journal of Neural Engineering 17, 1 (2020), 016054.","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14236"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3502023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642131"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581439"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]","volume":"7","author":"Mori Masahiro","year":"1970","unstructured":"Masahiro Mori. 1970. Bukimi no tani [the uncanny valley]. Energy 7 (1970), 33\u201335.","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3564038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_2","volume-title":"Bayesian Methods for Interaction and Design","author":"Murray-Smith R.","year":"2022","unstructured":"R. Murray-Smith, J. H. Williamson, and F. Tonolini. 2022. Human\u2013computer interaction design and inverse problems. In Bayesian Methods for Interaction and Design. J. H. Williamson, A. Oulasvirta, P. O. Kristensson, and N. Banovic (Eds.), Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_2","article-title":"Learning to assist humans without inferring rewards","author":"Myers Vivek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vivek Myers, Evan Ellis, Benjamin Eysenbach, Sergey Levine, and Anca Dragan. 2024. Learning to assist humans without inferring rewards. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Models of Human Feedback for AI Alignment (ICML \u201924).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Models of Human Feedback for AI Alignment (ICML \u201924)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"MCMC using Hamiltonian dynamics","author":"Neal Radford M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Radford M. Neal. 2011. MCMC using Hamiltonian dynamics. In Handbook of Markov Chain Monte Carlo. S. Brooks, A. Gelman, G. Jones, and X.-L. Meng (Eds.), Chapman & Hall, 2.","journal-title":"Handbook of Markov Chain Monte Carlo"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Algorithms for inverse reinforcement learning","volume":"1","author":"Ng Andrew Y.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Andrew Y. Ng and Stuart Russell. 2000. Algorithms for inverse reinforcement learning. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), Vol. 1, 2.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/13942.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2021.1925436"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_111_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (ACM CHI \u201922)","author":"Oulasvirta Antti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Antti Oulasvirta, Jussi P. P. Jokinen, and Andrew Howes. 2022. Computational rationality as a theory of interaction. In Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (ACM CHI \u201922)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198799603.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/12441.001.0001","volume-title":"Active Inference","author":"Parr Thomas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thomas Parr, Giovanni Pezzulo, and Karl J. Friston. 2022. Active Inference. MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_114_2","article-title":"Free energy in a circumplex model of emotion","author":"Pattisapu Candice","year":"2024","unstructured":"Candice Pattisapu, Tim Verbelen, Riddhi J. Pitliya, Alex B. Kiefer, and Mahault Albarracin. 2024. Free energy in a circumplex model of emotion. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Active Inference (IWAI).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Active Inference (IWAI)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.124315"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_116_2","volume-title":"Adaptive Interaction: A Utility Maximization Approach to Understanding Human Interaction with Technology","author":"Payne Stephen J.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stephen J. Payne and Andrew Howes. 2022. Adaptive Interaction: A Utility Maximization Approach to Understanding Human Interaction with Technology. Springer Nature."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/534975"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_3_118_2","article-title":"Using Markov blankets for causal structure learning","volume":"9","author":"Pellet Jean-Philippe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jean-Philippe Pellet and Andr\u00e9 Elisseeff. 2008. Using Markov blankets for causal structure learning. Journal of Machine Learning Research 9, 7 (2008), 1295\u20131342.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2016.0616"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_120_2","volume-title":"Behavior: The Control of Perception","author":"Powers William T.","year":"1973","unstructured":"William T. Powers. 1973. Behavior: The Control of Perception. Aldine, Chicago."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_121_2","first-page":"2586","article-title":"Bayesian inverse reinforcement learning","volume":"7","author":"Ramachandran Deepak","year":"2007","unstructured":"Deepak Ramachandran and Eyal Amir. 2007. Bayesian inverse reinforcement learning. In Proceedings of the 20th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), Vol. 7, 2586\u20132591.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/4580"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_123_2","article-title":"Phantom vibration syndrome among medical staff: A cross sectional survey","volume":"341","author":"Rothberg Michael B.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Michael B. Rothberg, Ashish Arora, Jodie Hermann, Reva Kleppel, Peter St Marie, and Paul Visintainer. 2010. Phantom vibration syndrome among medical staff: A cross sectional survey. BMJ 341 (2010), c6914.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077714"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01357"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_126_2","first-page":"012020","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering","volume":"1261","author":"Sajid Noor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Noor Sajid, Panagiotis Tigas, and Karl Friston. 2022. Active inference, preference learning and adaptive behaviour. In Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1261. IOP Publishing, 012020."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_127_2","article-title":"Exploration and preference satisfaction trade-off in reward-free learning","author":"Sajid Noor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Noor Sajid, Panagiotis Tigas, Alexey Zakharov, Zafeirios Fountas, and Karl Friston. 2021. Exploration and preference satisfaction trade-off in reward-free learning. In Proceedings of the ICML 2021 Workshop on Unsupervised Reinforcement Learning.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ICML 2021 Workshop on Unsupervised Reinforcement Learning"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21428\/e4baedd9.2d7598a2"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1177\/2050157914562656","article-title":"The phantom in my pocket: Determinants of phantom phone sensations","volume":"3","author":"Sauer Vera J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vera J. Sauer, Sabrina C. Eimler, Sanaz Maafi, Michael Pietrek, and Nicole C. Kr\u00e4mer. 2015. The phantom in my pocket: Determinants of phantom phone sensations. Mobile Media & Communication 3, 3 (2015), 293\u2013316.","journal-title":"Mobile Media & Communication"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_130_2","article-title":"Trust as extended control: Human-machine interactions as active inference","author":"Schoeller Felix","year":"2021","unstructured":"Felix Schoeller, Mark Miller, Roy Salomon, and Karl J. Friston. 2021. Trust as extended control: Human-machine interactions as active inference. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 15 (2021), 669810.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_131_2","unstructured":"John Schulman Filip Wolski Prafulla Dhariwal Alec Radford and Oleg Klimov. 2017. Proximal policy optimization algorithms. arXiv:1707.06347. Retrieved from http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1707.06347"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.41703"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1866029.1866039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2047196.2047227"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702228"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_136_2","volume-title":"Being You: A New Science of Consciousness","author":"Seth Anil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anil Seth. 2021. Being You: A New Science of Consciousness. Penguin."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.piutam.2011.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_138_2","volume-title":"Open MIND","author":"Seth Anil K.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Anil K. Seth. 2015. The cybernetic Bayesian brain. In Open MIND. T. Metzinger and J. M. Windt (Eds.), Open MIND, Frankfurt am Main."},{"issue":"1708","key":"e_1_3_3_139_2","article-title":"Active interoceptive inference and the emotional bra","volume":"371","author":"Seth Anil K.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anil K. Seth and Karl J. Friston. 2016. Active interoceptive inference and the emotional bra. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, 1708 (2016), 20160007.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_140_2","volume-title":"Modeling Human\u2013System Interaction: Philosophical and Methodological Considerations, with Examples","author":"Sheridan Thomas B.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thomas B. Sheridan. 2016. Modeling Human\u2013System Interaction: Philosophical and Methodological Considerations, with Examples. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2021.12.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_142_2","first-page":"9460","article-title":"Defining and characterizing reward gaming","volume":"35","author":"Skalse Joar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Joar Skalse, Nikolaus Howe, Dmitrii Krasheninnikov, and David Krueger. 2022. Defining and characterizing reward gaming. In Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 35, 9460\u20139471.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_143_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Active Inference (IWAI \u201924)","author":"Stein Sebastian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sebastian Stein, John H. Williamson, and Roderick Murray-Smith. 2024. Towards interaction design with active inference: A case study on noisy ordinal selection. In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Active Inference (IWAI \u201924)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_144_2","volume-title":"Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction","author":"Sutton Richard S.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Richard S. Sutton and Andrew G. Barto. 2018. Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction. MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3489608"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9780898717921"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2809888"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/106454699568700"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_149_2","volume-title":"Solutions of Ill-Posed Problems","author":"Tikhonov A. N.","year":"1977","unstructured":"A. N. Tikhonov and V. Y. Arsenin. 1977. Solutions of Ill-Posed Problems. Winston, Washington DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn963"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_152_2","volume-title":"An Information-Theoretic Account of Human\u2013Computer Interaction","author":"Trendafilov Dari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dari Trendafilov. 2017. An Information-Theoretic Account of Human\u2013Computer Interaction. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Glasgow."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2013.835"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3540261.3542027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_155_2","first-page":"134","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR)","author":"Vad Beatrix","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beatrix Vad, Daniel Boland, John Williamson, Roderick Murray-Smith, and Peter Berg Steffensen. 2015. Design and evaluation of a probabilistic music projection interface. In Proceedings of the 16th International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR), 134\u2013140."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_156_2","article-title":"Attention is all you need","volume":"30","author":"Vaswani Ashish","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N. Gomez, \u0141ukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need. In Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 30.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1116-23.2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3064937","article-title":"Motion correlation: Selecting objects by matching their movement","volume":"24","author":"Velloso Eduardo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eduardo Velloso, Marcus Carter, Joshua Newn, Augusto Esteves, Christopher Clarke, and Hans Gellersen. 2017. Motion correlation: Selecting objects by matching their movement. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 24, 3 (2017), 1\u201335.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445184"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2007.906261"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_161_2","volume-title":"Modelling Uncertainty in Touch Interaction","author":"Weir Daryl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Daryl Weir. 2014. Modelling Uncertainty in Touch Interaction. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Glasgow."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_162_2","first-page":"1407","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI 2004 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201904)","author":"Williamson J.","year":"2004","unstructured":"J. Williamson and R. Murray-Smith. 2004. Pointing without a pointer. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI 2004 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201904). ACM, 1407\u20131410."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108874830","volume-title":"Bayesian Methods for Interaction and Design","author":"Williamson John H.","year":"2022","unstructured":"John H. Williamson. 2022. An introduction to Bayesian methods for interaction design. In Bayesian Methods for Interaction and Design. J. H. Williamson, A. Oulasvirta, P. O. Kristensson, and N. Banovic (Eds.), Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3604915.3608775"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3762812","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T13:56:34Z","timestamp":1765288594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3762812"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"references-count":163,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3762812"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3762812","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-0516","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}