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Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Modeling surface reflectance is central to connecting optical theory with real-world rendering and fabrication. While analytic BRDFs remain standard in rendering, recent advances in geometric and wave optics have expanded the design space for complex reflectance effects. However, existing wave-optics-based methods are limited to controlling reflectance intensity only, lacking the ability to design full-spectrum, color-dependent BRDFs. In this work, we present the first method for designing and fabricating color BRDFs using a fully differentiable wave optics framework. Our differentiable and memory-efficient simulation framework supports end-to-end optimization of microstructured surfaces under scalar diffraction theory, enabling joint control over both angular intensity and spectral color of reflectance. We leverage grayscale lithography with a feature size of 1.5\u20132.0\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    m to fabricate 15 BRDFs spanning four representative categories: anti-mirrors, pictorial reflections, structural colors, and iridescences. Compared to prior work, our approach achieves significantly higher fidelity and broader design flexibility, producing physically accurate and visually compelling results. By providing a practical and extensible solution for full-color BRDF design and fabrication, our method opens up new opportunities in structural coloration, product design, security printing, and advanced manufacturing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3763275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T17:15:39Z","timestamp":1764868539000},"page":"1-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Designing and Fabricating Color BRDFs with Differentiable Wave Optics"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7783-2683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yixin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2352-3889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiseok","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9343-729X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadi","family":"Amata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4381-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaizhang","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4227-8508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Heidrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4404-2275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongzhi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5078-4005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3592137"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2006.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.31.000164"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.52.12.125101"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/344779.344814"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201376"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","volume-title":"Proc. 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