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Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We present a high-speed underwater optical backscatter communication technique based on acousto-optic light steering. Our approach enables underwater assets to transmit data at rates potentially reaching hundreds of Mbps, vastly outperforming current state-of-the-art optical and underwater backscatter systems, which typically operate at only a few kbps. In our system, a base station illuminates the backscatter device with a pulsed laser and captures the retroreflected signal using an ultrafast photodetector. The backscatter device comprises a retroreflector and a 2 MHz ultrasound transducer. The transducer generates pressure waves that dynamically modulate the refractive index of the surrounding medium, steering the light either toward the photodetector (encoding\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bit<\/jats:italic>\n                    1) or away from it (encoding\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bit<\/jats:italic>\n                    0). Using a 3-bit redundancy scheme, our prototype achieves a communication rate of approximately 0.66 Mbps with an energy consumption of \u2264 1 \u03bcJ\/bit, representing a 60\u00d7 improvement over prior techniques. We validate its performance through extensive laboratory experiments in which remote underwater assets wirelessly transmit multimedia data to the base station under various environmental conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3763289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T17:15:39Z","timestamp":1764868539000},"page":"1-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Underwater Optical Backscatter Communication using Acousto-Optic Beam Steering"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9552-9538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atul Rohit","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6427-8963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhawal","family":"Sirikonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7956-237X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atharv","family":"Agashe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3642-7762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University, New York, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7431-4799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinithi","family":"Silva-Sassaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6664-1893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Carver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University, New York, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4094-9793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Quattrini Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2852-9024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xia","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University, New York, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6623-020X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adithya","family":"Pediredla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3280288"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3356250.3360021"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th annual international conference on mobile systems, applications and services. 14\u201327","author":"Carver Charles J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Charles J Carver, Qijia Shao, Samuel Lensgraf, Amy Sniffen, Maxine Perroni-Scharf, Hunter Gallant, Alberto Quattrini Li, and Xia Zhou. 2022. 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