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Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We introduce a general, scalable computational framework for multi-axis 3D printing based on implicit neural fields (INFs) that unifies all stages of tool-path generation and global collision-free motion planning. In our pipeline, input models are represented as signed distance fields, with fabrication objectives\u2014such as support-free printing, surface finish quality, and extrusion control\u2014directly encoded in the optimization of an implicit guidance field. This unified approach enables toolpath optimization across both surface and interior domains, allowing shell and infill paths to be generated via implicit field interpolation. The printing sequence and multi-axis motion are then jointly optimized over a continuous quaternion field. Our continuous formulation constructs the evolving printing object as a time-varying SDF, supporting differentiable global collision handling throughout INF-based motion planning. Compared to explicit-representation-based methods, INF-3DP achieves up to two orders of magnitude speedup and significantly reduces waypoint-to-surface error. We validate our framework on diverse, complex models and demonstrate its efficiency with physical fabrication experiments using a robot-assisted multi-axis system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3763354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T17:15:39Z","timestamp":1764868539000},"page":"1-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["INF-3DP: Implicit Neural Fields for Collision-Free Multi-Axis 3D Printing"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7712-2438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiasheng","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8967-8457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4996-3310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dezhao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7251-2860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5142-5979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aoran","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5683-5044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengkai","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Perceptual and Interactive Intelligence (CPll), Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9950-5794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeung","family":"Yam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Centre for Perceptual and Interactive Intelligence (CPll), Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8741-3227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoxin","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Centre for Perceptual and Interactive Intelligence (CPll), Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Anisotropic material properties of fused deposition modeling ABS. 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