{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T07:54:30Z","timestamp":1776930870679,"version":"3.51.2"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":75,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,2]],"date-time":"2027-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":418,"URL":"http:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIS-1750840"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-1750840"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3765766.3765791","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T14:07:31Z","timestamp":1767362851000},"page":"274-283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring Interactions with Companion Virtual Agents"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1017-6856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Calvo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6918-4827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9397-627X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Barquero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1974-3259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuanpu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8484-3915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohith","family":"Venkatakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9139-6172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eshtiak Ahmed O\u011fuz\u00a0\u2018Oz\u2019 Buruk and Juho Hamari. 2024. Human\u2013robot companionship: Current trends and future agenda. International Journal of Social Robotics 16 8 (2024) 1809\u20131860.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-024-01160-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HUMANOIDS.2012.6651526"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cristina Battaglino and Timothy Bickmore. 2021. Increasing the Engagement of Conversational Agents through Co-Constructed Storytelling. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment 11 4 (Jun. 2021) 9\u201315. 10.1609\/aiide.v11i4.12832","DOI":"10.1609\/aiide.v11i4.12832"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"Dennis Benner Edona Elshan Sofia Sch\u00f6bel and Andreas Janson. 2021. What do you mean? A Review on Recovery Strategies to Overcome Conversational Breakdowns of Conversational Agents. https:\/\/www.alexandria.unisg.ch\/handle\/20.500.14171\/109660"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"David Benyon Bj\u00f6rn Gamb\u00e4ck Preben Hansen Oli Mival and Nick Webb. 2013. How Was Your Day? Evaluating a Conversational Companion. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing 4 3 (2013) 299\u2013311. 10.1109\/T-AFFC.2013.15","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2013.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Timothy\u00a0W. Bickmore Daniel Mauer and Thomas Brown. 2009. Context awareness in a handheld exercise agent. Pervasive and Mobile Computing 5 3 (June 2009) 226\u2013235. 10.1016\/j.pmcj.2008.05.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2008.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timothy\u00a0W Bickmore and Rosalind\u00a0W Picard. 2005. Establishing and maintaining long-term human-computer relationships. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 12 2 (2005) 293\u2013327.","DOI":"10.1145\/1067860.1067867"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nicholas Bott Sharon Wexler Lin Drury Chava Pollak Victor Wang Kathleen Scher and Sharon Narducci. 2019. A Protocol-Driven Bedside Digital Conversational Agent to Support Nurse Teams and Mitigate Risks of Hospitalization in Older Adults: Case Control Pre-Post Study. J Med Internet Res 21 10 (17 Oct 2019) e13440. 10.2196\/13440","DOI":"10.2196\/13440"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23974-8_49"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elizabeth Broadbent Jeff Garrett Nicola Jepsen Vickie Li\u00a0Ogilvie Ho\u00a0Seok Ahn Hayley Robinson Kathryn Peri Ngaire Kerse Paul Rouse Avinesh Pillai and Bruce MacDonald. 2018. Using Robots at Home to Support Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res 20 2 (13 Feb 2018) e45. 10.2196\/jmir.8640","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.8640"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13226-1_25"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aleksandra Cerekovic Oya Aran and Daniel Gatica-Perez. 2016. Rapport with virtual agents: What do human social cues and personality explain? IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing 8 3 (2016) 382\u2013395.","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2016.2545650"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nai-Ching Chi Olivia Sparks Shih-Yin Lin Amanda Lazar Hilaire\u00a0J Thompson and George Demiris. 2017. Pilot testing a digital pet avatar for older adults. Geriatric Nursing 38 6 (2017) 542\u2013547.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2017.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ya-Hsin Chou Chemin Lin Shwu-Hua Lee Yen-Fen Lee and Li-Chen Cheng. 2024. User-friendly Chatbot to mitigate the psychological stress of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: Development and usability study. JMIR Formative Research 8 (2024) e49462.","DOI":"10.2196\/49462"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lara Christoforakos Nina Feicht Simone Hinkofer Annalena L\u00f6scher Sonja\u00a0F Schlegl and Sarah Diefenbach. 2021. Connect with me. exploring influencing factors in a human-technology relationship based on regular chatbot use. Frontiers in digital health 3 (2021) 689999.","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2021.689999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10096-006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5115-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emmelyn\u00a0AJ Croes and Marjolijn\u00a0L Antheunis. 2021. Can we be friends with Mitsuku? A longitudinal study on the process of relationship formation between humans and a social chatbot. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 38 1 (2021) 279\u2013300.","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407520959463"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tilman Dingler Dominika Kwasnicka Jing Wei Enying Gong and Brian Oldenburg. 2021. The Use and Promise of Conversational Agents in Digital Health. Yearbook of medical informatics 30 1 (August 2021) 191\u2014199. 10.1055\/s-0041-1726510","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1726510"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3472306.3478341"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_22_2","volume-title":"Firebase","year":"2024","unstructured":"Google 2024. Firebase. Google. https:\/\/firebase.google.com\/ A platform for developing and managing web and mobile applications."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74997-4_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004368811003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_25_2","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Companion Technology (ISCT 2015)","author":"H\u00f6hn Sviatlana","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sviatlana H\u00f6hn, Stephan Busemann, Charles MAX, Christoph SCHOMMER, and Gudrun ZIEGLER. September 2015. Interaction Profiles for an Artificial Conversational Companion. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Companion Technology (ISCT 2015) (Ulm, Germany). Universit\u00e4t Ulm, Ulm, Germany, 73\u201378. http:\/\/isct2015.informatik.uni-ulm.de\/#NaN"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_26_2","unstructured":"Mary\u00a0Page James and Dan Witters. 2024. Daily Loneliness Afflicts One in Five in U.S. https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/651881\/daily-loneliness-afflicts-one-five.aspx. Gallup News; accessed 2025-01-16."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174069"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nina J\u00f8ranson Ingeborg Pedersen Anne Marie\u00a0Mork Rokstad and Camilla Ihleb\u00e6k. 2015. Effects on Symptoms of Agitation and Depression in Persons With Dementia Participating in Robot-Assisted Activity: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 16 10 (2015) 867\u2013873. 10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.05.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"Bijan Khosrawi-Rad Paul Keller Linda Grogorick and Susanne Robra-Bissantz. 2022. Introducing Vicky: A Pedagogical Conversational Agent for the Classification of Learning Styles."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_30_2","volume-title":"WebGL","unstructured":"Khronos Group n. d.. WebGL. Khronos Group. https:\/\/www.khronos.org\/webgl\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3170427.3188548"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lean\u00a0L Kramer Lex Van\u00a0Velsen Jenna\u00a0L Clark Bob\u00a0C Mulder and Emely De\u00a0Vet. 2022. Use and effect of embodied conversational agents for improving eating behavior and decreasing loneliness among community-dwelling older adults: Randomized controlled trial. JMIR formative research 6 4 (2022) e33974.","DOI":"10.2196\/33974"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guy Laban Arvid Kappas Val Morrison and Emily\u00a0S Cross. 2024. Building long-term human\u2013robot relationships: Examining disclosure perception and well-being across time. International Journal of Social Robotics 16 5 (2024) 1\u201327.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-023-01076-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khanh Bao\u00a0Quang Le and Charles Cayrat. 2024. Howdy Robo-Partner: exploring artificial companionship and its stress-alleviating potential for service employees. Journal of Service Management (08 2024). 10.1108\/JOSM-09-2023-0408 arXiv:https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/josm\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1108\/JOSM-09-2023-0408\/9770924\/josm-09-2023-0408.pdf","DOI":"10.1108\/JOSM-09-2023-0408"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kwan\u00a0Min Lee Younbo Jung Jaywoo Kim and Sang\u00a0Ryong Kim. 2006. Are physically embodied social agents better than disembodied social agents?: The effects of physical embodiment tactile interaction and people\u2019s loneliness in human\u2013robot interaction. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 64 10 (2006) 962\u2013973. 10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2006.05.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2006.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan Liu and Yong Deng. 2020. Determine the number of unknown targets in open world based on elbow method. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 29 5 (2020) 986\u2013995.","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2020.2966182"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Max\u00a0M Louwerse Arthur\u00a0C Graesser Danielle\u00a0S McNamara and Shulan Lu. 2009. Embodied conversational agents as conversational partners. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 23 9 (2009) 1244\u20131255.","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1527"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kate Loveys Mark Sagar Isabella Pickering and Elizabeth Broadbent. 2021. A digital human for delivering a remote loneliness and stress intervention to at-risk younger and older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: randomized pilot trial. JMIR mental health 8 11 (2021) e31586.","DOI":"10.2196\/31586"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kate Loveys Gabrielle Sebaratnam Mark Sagar and Elizabeth Broadbent. 2020. The Effect of Design Features on Relationship Quality with Embodied Conversational Agents: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Social Robotics 12 6 (Dec. 2020) 1293\u20131312. 10.1007\/s12369-020-00680-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-020-00680-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bethanie Maples Merve Cerit Aditya Vishwanath and Roy Pea. 2024. Loneliness and suicide mitigation for students using GPT3-enabled chatbots. npj mental health research 3 1 (2024) 4.","DOI":"10.1038\/s44184-023-00047-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rania\u00a0B Mostafa Cristiana\u00a0R Lages and Ahmed Shaalan. 2024. The dark side of virtual agents: Ohhh no! International Journal of Information Management 75 (2024) 102721.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102721"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Takuya Nakata Masahide Nakamura Sinan Chen and Sachio Saiki. 2024. Needs Companion: A Novel Approach to Continuous User Needs Sensing Using Virtual Agents and Large Language Models. Sensors 24 21 (2024). 10.3390\/s24216814","DOI":"10.3390\/s24216814"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linda\u00a0Uchenna Oghenekaro and Christopher\u00a0Obinna Okoro. 2024. Artificial intelligence-based chatbot for student mental health support. Open Access Library Journal 11 5 (2024) 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.4236\/oalib.1111511"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_44_2","volume-title":"ChatGPT API","year":"2024","unstructured":"OpenAI 2024. ChatGPT API. OpenAI. https:\/\/platform.openai.com\/docs\/guides\/chat API used for natural language processing tasks."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_45_2","volume-title":"Text-to-Speech API","year":"2024","unstructured":"OpenAI 2024. Text-to-Speech API. OpenAI. https:\/\/platform.openai.com\/docs\/guides\/text-to-speech API used for text-to-speech synthesis."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_46_2","volume-title":"Whisper API","year":"2024","unstructured":"OpenAI 2024. Whisper API. OpenAI. https:\/\/platform.openai.com\/docs\/guides\/speech-to-text Speech-to-text API used for transcription and analysis."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBIO.2011.6181746"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CogInfoCom.2012.6421986"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_49_2","unstructured":"Christopher Pillitz. 2023. Americans more than ever have no friends. Here are 5 steps to make more friends. https:\/\/bigthink.com\/neuropsych\/americans-no-friends\/. Accessed: 2025-01-16."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Courtney Potts Frida Lindstr\u00f6m Raymond Bond Maurice Mulvenna Frederick Booth Edel Ennis Karolina Parding Catrine Kostenius Thomas Broderick Kyle Boyd et\u00a0al. 2023. A multilingual digital mental health and well-being Chatbot (ChatPal): pre-post multicenter intervention study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 25 (2023) e43051.","DOI":"10.2196\/43051"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazerke Rakhymbayeva Aida Amirova and Anara Sandygulova. 2021. A long-term engagement with a social robot for autism therapy. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 8 (2021) 669972.","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2021.669972"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deborah Richards and Karla Bransky. 2014. ForgetMeNot: What and how users expect intelligent virtual agents to recall and forget personal conversational content. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 72 5 (2014) 460\u2013476.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2014.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACII.2013.17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazlo Ring Lin Shi Kathleen Totzke and Timothy Bickmore. 2015. Social support agents for older adults: longitudinal affective computing in the home. Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces 9 (2015) 79\u201388.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12193-014-0157-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hayley Robinson Bruce MacDonald and Elizabeth Broadbent. 2015. Physiological effects of a companion robot on blood pressure of older people in residential care facility: A pilot study. Australasian Journal on Ageing 34 1 (2015) 27\u201332. 10.1111\/ajag.12099 arXiv:https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ajag.12099","DOI":"10.1111\/ajag.12099"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hayley Robinson Bruce MacDonald Ngaire Kerse and Elizabeth Broadbent. 2013. The Psychosocial Effects of a Companion Robot: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 14 9 (2013) 661\u2013667. 10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.02.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dan Russell Letitia\u00a0Anne Peplau and Mary\u00a0Lund Ferguson. 1978. Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of personality assessment 42 3 (1978) 290\u2013294.","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4203_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hong Shin and Juyoung Kim. 2020. My computer is more thoughtful than you: Loneliness anthropomorphism and dehumanization. Current Psychology 39 (04 2020). 10.1007\/s12144-018-9975-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-018-9975-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabriel Skantze. 2021. Turn-taking in conversational systems and human-robot interaction: a review. Computer Speech & Language 67 (2021) 101178.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2020.101178"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marita Skjuve Asbj\u00f8rn F\u00f8lstad Knut\u00a0Inge Fostervold and Petter\u00a0Bae Brandtzaeg. 2021. My chatbot companion-a study of human-chatbot relationships. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 149 (2021) 102601.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102601"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cameron Smith Nigel Crook Daniel Charlton Johan Boye Raul\u00a0Santos de\u00a0la Camara Markku Turunen David Benyon Bj\u00f6rn Gamb\u00e4ck Oli Mival Nick Webb and Marc Cavazza. 2011. Interaction Strategies for an Affective Conversational Agent. Presence 20 5 (2011) 395\u2013411. 10.1162\/PRESa00063","DOI":"10.1162\/PRESa00063"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3494322.3494326"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vivian Ta Caroline Griffith Carolynn Boatfield Xinyu Wang Maria Civitello Haley Bader Esther DeCero and Alexia Loggarakis. 2020. User Experiences of Social Support From Companion Chatbots in Everyday Contexts: Thematic Analysis. J Med Internet Res 22 3 (6 Mar 2020) e16235. 10.2196\/16235","DOI":"10.2196\/16235"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vivian Ta-Johnson Caroline Griffith Carolynn Boatfield Xinyu Wang Maria Civitello Haley Bader Esther DeCero and Alexia Loggarakis. 2020. User Experiences of Social Support From Companion Chatbots in Everyday Contexts: Thematic Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research 22 (03 2020) e16235. 10.2196\/16235","DOI":"10.2196\/16235"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vivian\u00a0P Ta-Johnson Carolynn Boatfield Xinyu Wang Esther DeCero Isabel\u00a0C Krupica Sophie\u00a0D Rasof Amelie Motzer and Wiktoria\u00a0M Pedryc. 2022. Assessing the topics and motivating factors behind human-social chatbot interactions: Thematic analysis of user experiences. JMIR human factors 9 4 (2022) e38876.","DOI":"10.2196\/38876"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_66_2","volume-title":"Unity","author":"Technologies Unity","year":"2024","unstructured":"Unity Technologies. 2024. Unity. Unity Technologies. https:\/\/unity.com Version used in this research: 2022.1.23f1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Edmund\u00a0R. Thompson. 2007. Development and Validation of an Internationally Reliable Short-Form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 38 2 (2007) 227\u2013242. 10.1177\/0022022106297301 arXiv:10.1177\/0022022106297301","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022106297301"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.pervasivehealth.2014.254943"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2701973.2702015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Markku Turunen Jaakko Hakulinen Olov St\u00e5hl Bj\u00f6rn Gamb\u00e4ck Preben Hansen Mari\u00a0C. Rodr\u00edguez Gancedo Ra\u00fal\u00a0Santos de la C\u00e1mara Cameron Smith Daniel Charlton and Marc Cavazza. 2011. Multimodal and mobile conversational Health and Fitness Companions. Computer Speech & Language 25 2 (2011) 192\u2013209. 10.1016\/j.csl.2010.04.004Language and speech issues in the engineering of companionable dialogue systems.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2010.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33197-8_30"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3383652.3423887"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_73_2","unstructured":"Joseph\u00a0B. Wiggins Lydia\u00a0G. Pezzullo Kristy\u00a0Elizabeth Boyer Bradford\u00a0W. Mott Eric\u00a0N. Wiebe and James\u00a0C. Lester. 2017. Conversational UX Design for Kids: Toward Learning Companions. Workshop paper presented at the Conversational UX Design Workshop CHI 2017. pdf\/LearnDialogue-Wiggins-CHI-ConversationalUXWorkshop-2017.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2481308"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yuyi Yang Chenyu Wang Xiaoling Xiang and Ruopeng An. 2025. AI Applications to Reduce Loneliness Among Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Effectiveness and Technologies. Healthcare 13 5 (2025). 10.3390\/healthcare13050446","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13050446"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steve Young Milica Ga\u0161i\u0107 Simon Keizer Fran\u00e7ois Mairesse Jost Schatzmann Blaise Thomson and Kai Yu. 2010. The hidden information state model: A practical framework for POMDP-based spoken dialogue management. Computer Speech & Language 24 2 (2010) 150\u2013174.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2009.04.001"}],"event":{"name":"HAI '25: International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction","location":"Yokohama Japan","acronym":"HAI '25","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3765766.3765791","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3765766.3765791","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T19:18:12Z","timestamp":1767986292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3765766.3765791"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3765766.3765791","10.1145\/3765766"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3765766.3765791","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}